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A technique in which chemical synthesis controls the position and coordination environment of the catalytic metal ions yields functional ribozyme mimics. This approach segregates catalytic activity and recognition in two separate structural domains. Oligo X enables the sequence-specific cleavage of RNA in the duplex region. These ribozyme mimics independently controlled various processes in the sequence-specific cleavage.

A unique illustration of nucleophilic aromatic substitution for hydrogen is evident in the development of (4-nitrophenyl) or (4-nitrosophenyl)phenylamine derivatives from the reaction of aniline and nitrobenzene. This extraordinary reaction progresses in high yields in mild settings without requiring an auxiliary leaving group or oxidant. Halogenated aromatics are not required for the generation of substituted aromatic amines in the case of this reaction.