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Numerous studies show that the peptide aptamers are used separately to fabricate various nanostructures, as their properties of functioning as binding molecules as well as mediators for mineralization are still not understood and researched extensively. Hence, a new method for nonfabrication is developed, in which binding and mineralization by a peptide polymer is alternatively used to assemble the multilayered nanostructures.

The use of peptide phage display methodology to isolate a peptide aptamer that electrostatically interacts with the amphoteric surface of titanium is described. Peptide motifs that bind to the surface of titanium are isolated with the long-term goal of developing artificial proteins that improve biocompatibility.