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In the present study, for the first time the machine learning (ML) based refractive index (n) approach is established depends on the density (ρ) parameter of glasses for a dataset of 2000 oxide glasses to predict refractive index of B2O3-CaO-Li2O-Sb2O3 glasses. Density of the investigated glasses varied from 2.56 to 2.97 gm/cm3. The corresponding refractive index was changed from 2.540 to 2.405. The refractive index prediction based on density parameter derived from the density of glasses and constant 'K'. For all M-L techniques including gradient descent (GD), artificial neural network (ANN), and random forest regression (RFR), the density factor is used as an independent variable and the experimental refractive index as a dependent variable. The data set of 10,000 oxide glass samples was employed to forecast density using a variety of machine learning approaches. In comparison to other models, the Random forest regression (RFR) model fitted the glass data with the highest R2 value of 0.949 for refractive index prediction and 0.925 for density prediction. For both the prediction of density and refractive index, the R2 is controlled to 0.932 and 0.9223, respectively. The highest R2 values for refractive index and density prediction were gained when the tanh activation function was used in an artificial neural network (ANN) with varied activation functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melt-quenching method was used to manufacture newly synthesized glasses with a nominal composition of 60B2O3 – 20CaO – 15ZnO – 5Li2O – xEu2O3: 0 (Eu-0.0) ≤ x ≤ 0.5 (Eu-0.5) mol%. The structural, physical, FTIR, UV–visible spectra, and mechanical properties of the synthesized Eu-x glasses are examined. XRD results verified the amorphous condition of proposed glasses. The density (ρ) of the prepared glasses increased from 3.231 to 3.338 g cm−3, but in contrast, the molar volume (VM) decreased from 20.643 to 20.506 cm3 mol−1 with increasing Eu3+ ions. FTIR spectroscopy illustrated absorbance peaks appear around 393 and 464 nm, which indicates the presence of electronic states in the wide band gap of glass matrix. These peaks are attributed to the 5L6 and 5D2 electronic states of Eu3+ ions. UV–visible measurements showed an improvement in optical absorbance and a decrease in optical energy gap. The Eu3+ ions mol% doping into the proposed glasses results in generating photoluminescence glasses, which is attributed to the 5D0 → 7F1, 5D0 → 7F2, 5D0 → 7F3, and 5D0 → 7F4 electronic transitions of Eu3+ ions. Thus, the emission spectra due to the 393 nm excitation results in the appearance of emission peaks at 593 (orange), 617 (strong red), 653 (red), and 698 (red) nm. The Poisson's ratio (σ) of Eu-x glasses is decreased from 0.3927 to 0.3903 as the molar fraction of Eu3+ ions is increased from 0.0 to 0.5 mol%. The thermodynamic properties of the glassy network are hidden in the Gibbs free energy (G) which started at 33.56 and ended at 33.72 kJ.cm−3 at low and high Eu3+ ions content mol%. Furthermore, all elastic moduli increased linearly with molar increment of Eu3+ ions in the molecular structure of the proposed glassy network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]