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Pine oil has antiseptic, expectorant and antioxidant properties and has been used for treatment of rheumatism, respiratory and urinary system and skin diseases. We aimed to determine protective effects of pine oil (PO) on the lipid-soluble vitamins, cholesterol, GSH, total protein, MDA, fatty acid levels of brain tissue of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control (C), streptozotocin (STZ), streptozotocin+pine oil (PO) groups. Streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally single dose (65 mg/kg) to the STZ and PO groups for inducing of diabetes. To the PO group 1 mg/kg dose pine oil was intraperitoneally injected every next day. While the GSH and total protein were significantly decreased in the Streptozotocin (STZ) group, their levels were protected in PO group. MDA level was significantly increased in STZ group, its level significantly decreased in the PO group. Our results showed that PO has a positive effect on the GSH, total protein, and MDA levels in the brain tissue of diabetic rats. The PO and STZ administrations were affected by levels of some important fatty acids. The decrease in the MDA level and observed protecting effects can be attributed to PO extract, because it contains some important phytochemical constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was determined antioxidant activities and phenolic, flavonoid, phytosterol, lipid soluble vitamin and fatty acid contents of bitter almond kernel extract (BAE). Antioxidant activities of BAE was investigated by DPPH•, ABTS•+, OH• radical scavenging, metal chelating activity and determination of lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS). BAE was scavenged 83.49% of the ABTS radical, 68.34% of the hydroxyl radical, and 68.65% of the DPPH radical. This extract was shown 49.36% of the metal chelating activity. Myricetin (1831.52 μg/g), kaempferol (104.52 μg/g), naringenin (2.51 μg/g), vanillic acid (91.70 μg/g), caffeic acid (85.92 μg/g), ferulic acid (27.11 μg/g) rosmarinic acid (0.95 μg/g), hydroxycinnamic acid (1.35 μg/g), δ-tocopherol (4.95 mg/kg), α-tocopherol (104.15 mg/kg), vitamin K (42.25 mg/kg), β-sitosterol (366.95 mg/kg) and stigmasterol (242.65 mg/kg) were determined in the BAE. The major fatty acids were oleic acid (70.61%) and linoleic acid (20.68%) in the BAE. These results indicate that bitter almond can be a good natural source of fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, phytosterols, flavonoid, phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almond belong to Rosaceae family and itis a rich source of nutrients because of phytochemicals including phenolic compounds, phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins and fatty acids. In this study, we determined antioxidantactivities and phenolic, flavonoid, phytosterol, lipid soluble vitamin and fatty acid contents of almond kernel extract. Antioxidantactivity of almond extractwas investigated by DPPH, ABTS+, OH radical scavenging, metal chelating activity and determination of lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS). Almond extractscavenged 89.50% of the ABTS radical, 66.77% of the hydroxyl radical, and 87.30% of the DPPH radical. This extractshowed 72.05% of the metal chelating activity. Kaempferol (223.54 μg/g), naringenin (5.01 μg/g), vanillic acid (110.89 μg/g), caffeic acid (65.72 μg/g) and ferulic acid (16.49 μg/g) were determined in the almond extract. The major fatty acids were oleic acid (76.23%) and linoleic acid (15.43%). δ-tocopherol (3.05 mg/kg), α-tocopherol (104.40 mg/kg), and vitamin K (38.25 mg/kg) were determined in the almond extract. These results indicate thatalmond extractis a good natural source of fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, phytosterols, flavonoid, phenolic compounds. In addition, these findings are importantfor the nutrition sciences, because fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, phytosterols, flavonoid, phenolic compounds and antiradical properties, in particular, seem to have considerable effecton health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]