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The article discusses the position of the U.S. political group known as the Anti-Federalists concerning Section 10 of the U.S. Constitution and its abrogation of state powers regarding the issuance of paper money and debt relief. According to the article, Anti-Federalists often opposed Section 10 but made few formal objections to Section 10 and proposed no amendments to its significant provisions in the thirteen states that ratified the U.S. Constitution. The article examines paper money laws in the various states, why the Constitution banned state paper money, and the debate over the Constitution's ratification between Federalists and Anti-Federalists.

The article discusses examples of birds in art created for bank notes by American artist and naturalist John James Audubon (1785-1851), first referred to in Audubon's diary on July 12, 1824. The authors refer to the historiography of Audubon scholars such as Alice Ford, William H. Dillistin, and Richard Rhodes who began searching for Audubon's first engraved illustration of a bird designed for American paper money in the 1950s. The diary entry refers to a grouse created for Gideon Fairman (1774-1827), a principal of Fairman, Draper, Underwood & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1823-1830), an engraving firm specializing in the printing of bank notes for financial institutions. The authors uncovered a specimen sheet for the company featuring a running grouse designed by Audubon.

An essay is provided which discusses the relationship between the American literature from the 18th century and American economic history from the same period. An overview of the relationship between the consumption of textiles and the public discourse over women's roles in 18th century U.S. is provided.

Presents a review of the book `The Papers of George Washington: Presidential Series, Volume 4: September 1789-January 1790,' edited by W.W. Abbot and Dorothy Twohig and others. What the book entails; Chronicle of George Washington's presidential administration; Washington's correspondence wide and varied; View of the book.

In early 1802, an enraged Luther Martin put pen to paper in order to expose the true character of a new enemy, Richard Raynal Keene. He intended to publish for all to read—at least all in his hometown of Baltimore and its environs—the story of how a trusted fellow gentleman had turned against Martin and revealed himself to be a "monster." He entitled the eventually five-part work Modern Gratitude. Martin, the attorney general of Maryland, and many other politically minded men had regularly turned to newspapers and pamphlets to wage paper duels in the court of public opinion over who had acted honorably or not in political matters. But this occasion was different and highly unusual. The paper duel that Martin started with Keene emerged not out of a political quarrel that had turned personal, but out of a private, family event: the elopement of Martin's young daughter Eleonora with the older Keene, a young lawyer who had studied under Martin. Of course, daughters had long married against fathers' wishes, but, over this romance, the men in this family chose to fight it out through public declarations. Martin and Keene made the exceptional decision of choosing print and public opinion to lay open and battle over this intimate and private problem in order to regain their masculine honor. They made the personal political at a time of growing tensions over and fears about the nature and extent of cultural change in the new nation. The distinct context of the post-Revolutionary elite shaped how this particular romantic debacle unfolded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After President Andrew Jackson destroyed the Second Bank of the United States, oversight of the banking industry in the latter 1830s fell to state governments that were overburdened and unable to fulfill all of their regulatory responsibilities. The resulting financial climate enabled the growth of wildcat banks founded for the benefit of economically savvy but ethically bankrupt individuals who grasped the workings of the emerging capitalist economy. The Commercial Bank of Millington, Maryland, and its spawn institution in Hagerstown together offer a well documented case study showing how wildcat banks could sprout, function, and proliferate in the context of the antebellum South. Recent scholarship has demonstrated slave traders' centrality to slave-based capitalism's expansion southwestward and banks' generous extension of credit to facilitate traders' business. Yet the relationship between antebellum banks and slave dealers could go deeper still. Banking entrepreneurs appealed directly to slave traders to capitalize newly chartered financial institutions. Slave dealers, wealthy and calculating businessmen constantly in search of promising investment opportunities, not only sometimes agreed to underwrite the very enterprises that later extended them the ready cash they required to purchase slaves; they also then carried those bank notes tens or even hundreds of miles away from the issuing institution, permitting wildcat concerns to continue the reckless printing of paper money absent anxieties over the prompt redemption for specie. Based on legislative reports, court cases, and newspapers, this study chronicles the relationship—often reciprocal but at times contentious—between obscure Washington, DC, slave traders William H. Williams and Thomas N. Davis, on one hand, and, on the other, two suspect Maryland banking concerns run by a pair of unscrupulous brothers named F.A. and William Weed and their associate Joseph T. Guthrie. Through the collaboration of professional slave traders and bankers, bank notes and commodified bodies circulated throughout the antebellum South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the social conditions for U.S. congressmen in early 19th century Washington, D.C. It examines the concepts of gender and power in Washington, D.C., the establishment of Washington, D.C., society, and the difficulty married congressmen such as representatives John W. Taylor, Jonathan Roberts, and Nahum Mitchell had in adjusting to being away from home. The article also discusses the social significance of then-U.S. First Lady Dolley Madison in Washington, D.C.

The article discusses anti-slavery politics in the U.S. Congress and antislavery lobbying, focusing on the 1830s and 1840s. It comments on the abolitionist idea of southern "Slave Power" in national politics in both the Whig and Democratic parties and considers the founding of the antislavery Liberty Party. The author also addresses the antislavery activities of congressmen including John Quincy Adams, Seth Gates, Joshua Giddings, and William Slade. Abolitionist lobbyists Theodore Dwight Weld and Joshua Leavitt are also considered.

The article focuses on disabled itinerant artist Martha Ann Honeywell (1798-1856), notable as a performing artist who traveled throughout the U.S. and Europe doing embroidery, waxwork, miniature writing, and paper cutting by mouth, as she was born without hands and had only one foot. She was solely in charge of her career and travels after the death of her mother in 1810, overseeing advertising, boarding, travel, exhibits, and other financial arrangements.

The article reflects on the tenant revolts that happened in Virginia and New York during the American Revolution. The paper examines the action of tenants in Hudson Valley, New York and Loudoun County, Virginia, during the Revolutionary War in an attempt to uncover what grievances did tenants in both parts of the country hope to change during the Revolution. It also analyzes their relationship with the British army, explain how landlords and Revolutionaries reacted to the revolt, and measure their levels of success.

A biography of Doctor William Blanding, an Indian physician and naturalist, is presented. Topics cited include Blanding's meeting with craniologist Samuel George Morton in January 1839, his place in the history of animal nomenclature and how varied interests helped link American naturalists with Methodist missions in Oregon and Africa.

The article discusses the paradoxes and contradictions of the 19th century U.S. antebellum social reformer and abolitionist married couple Marcus Spring and Rebecca Buffum Spring, including their profiting from slave labor. An overview of the moral and ethical aspects of the Spring couple's use of capitalist profits from slavery on behalf of activism is provided.

The article discusses the 1825 Guamacaro Slave Insurrection in Cuba and planters from the Northern U.S. It comments on several Americans including plantation manager Stephen Fales, plantation administrator Joseph Goodwin, and coffee plantation owner Ebenezer William Sage. The author considers trade networks between New England and Cuba, examining American exports. He also reflects on American attitudes toward disciplinary strategies for slaves and the hardening of these attitudes after the insurrection.

The article explores the role of U.S. politician Aaron Burr in the U.S. electoral crisis of 1800-1801. It focuses on archival documents, particularly the correspondence of politicians Edward Livingston and William P. Van Ness, relating to the election. The author believes that these letters show Burr's involvement in a plan to undermine presidential candidate Thomas Jefferson. It is suggested that patronage, deal-making and personal interest were significant factors in U.S. politics during this period. Topics discussed include democracy, the relationship between newspapers and politics, and public opinion.

The essay discusses the use of personal correspondence by American politicians during the Republican period, focusing on the letters of U.S. President-elect John Adams and his family written to assess political motivations and attitudes in France regarding the Quasi-War as a case study of such practices. Other subjects considered include the nature of social and professional networks during the period, Adams' choice of diplomats sent to France, and 18th century presidential decision making.

The article presents an exploration into the development of the concept of public opinion within U.S. political discourse during the Federalist era. Details are given noting the onset of the term and its impact in public discourse in the late 18th century, particularly as it related to economic political debate in connection to public finance issues of credit and debt. Discussion is offered mapping the correlations between the financial history of the U.S. in the aftermath of the Revolutionary War and the appropriation of "public opinion" into the political discourse of major figures such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton.

The article discusses the holding of British prisoners in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War. It examines the local environment of Lancaster, commenting on divisions and diversity in a population that included Germans, English, Welsh, and Scots-Irish. The author considers how the prisoners impacted patriotism and revolutionary identity. The author also addresses the Continental policy toward British prisoners, reflecting on the treatment of officers and enlisted men and on prisoners' escape attempts.

The article discusses the role of the United States Navy in the early history of Liberia, particularly commenting on the founding of the colony for free blacks at Cape Mesurado, later Monrovia, Liberia. It examines the role of the American Colonization Society (ACS), an organization that advocated for the removal of freed African American slaves to Africa. The author particularly reflects on American expansionism, American views on imperialism, and efforts to suppress the slave trade near Liberia. Several U.S. naval and political leaders are discussed, including Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, Lieutenant Robert F. Stockton, and U.S. President James Monroe.

This article examines abolitionist Lucretia Mott's views on the Underground Railroad. In 1856 Mott publicly dismissed fugitive slave assistance, comparing it to Liberian colonization, both of which she considered unable to compete with natural increase of slaves and thus ineffective in toppling U.S. slavery. Such a position was incongruous with the general attitude among U.S. abolitionists who categorically denounced Liberian colonization as a racist, pro-slavery movement while amplifying their Underground Railroad activism in the 1850s. The article attributes the timing of Mott's 1856 remark to a partisan abolitionist strife spanning the Atlantic and explains her disregard of fugitive assistance to her puristic commitment to women's rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

debates over the citizen's political role in a republic. A liberty pole was a wooden mast with a flag or sign that expressed opposition to the government as tyrannical. During the American Revolution, Patriots raised liberty poles to symbolize their resistance to British rule. In most cases, redcoats tore them down, eliciting fights with Patriot pole-raisers. In the 1790s, grassroots Republicans revived the practice of raising liberty poles to protest the Washington and Adams administrations as monarchists and tyrants. Echoing the British response, the Federalist supporters of government destroyed the poles, leading to vicious confrontations in both person and print. Using a case study drawn from Reading, Pennsylvania in 1799, this essay argues that liberty poles operated as the flashpoint for conflict over the place of protest in the new nation among grassroots partisans. Republicans advocated for an activist citizenry that aimed to impede any unjust exercise of federal power. Federalists, however, argued that representative government implied an obligation for citizens to defer to their elected officials. By raising and destroying liberty poles, both sides put into practice the type of popular participation they envisioned for the republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the role of newspapers at the time of the French revolution during 1792-1793. It is stated that a study of newspapers in 1792-1793 reveals the impact of the radicalized French Revolution on the political culture of the U.S. It is mentioned that newspapers developed a feeling of community among otherwise unconnected francophiles, and also provided them with a chronology of events. Many Democratic-Republican editors, including Thomas Adams, promoted the role of newspapers in the advancement of liberty. Events during the French Revolution included the French victory over the Prussians at the Battle of Valmy on September 20, 1792, and the establishment of the French Republic on September 22, 1792.

The article discusses controversy regarding the kidnapping of free African Americans by slave catchers in Illinois from 1830 to 1860. Topics include the views of abolitionists that a Slave Power controlled U.S. politics, the impact of kidnappings on antislavery politics and the rise of the Republican Party in Illinois, and the reaction of Missouri Governor Austin King to the kidnapping of an African American man named Wade and the extradition of his kidnappers as requested by Illinois Governor Augustus C. French.

The article discusses the role that the War of 1812 had on U.S. state building and finance in the post-war years, through examining the career of the government financier Jacob Barker. An overview of the relationship between the U.S. banking industry and the state, including the development of state-charted banks, is provided.

A literary criticism of the book "An Extensive Republic: Print, Culture, and Society in the New Nation, 1790-1840," which was edited by Robert A. Gross and Mary Kelley, is presented. The historical aspects of political culture, religious publishing, and America's book printing and book trade industries are examined, along with issues such as the dissemination of information and the English language book culture in London, England.

The article discusses the instructions and questions that were published by the U.S. Department of War in 1826 in an effort to collect and preserve information about Indian languages in America (1826 vocabulary), and it mentions how philologists such as Peter Stephen Du Ponceau and Albert Gallatin were interested in developing a "Comparative Science of languages" in the U.S. The study of Amerindian languages is examined, along with translations for various words and short sentences.

The article discusses the historiography of finance history in the early U.S. republic period, including the history of capitalism and financial institutions during this era. An overview of the history of money, banking, debt and credit in the early republic period of U.S. is provided.

An introduction is provided to the issue on the theme of the economy history during the U.S.'s early republic period with topics, including domestic labor markets during the U.S. Civil War era, the role gender played in the U.S. economy and economic change.

The article discusses the manners and customs and political culture under the influence of U.S. First Lady Abigail Adams. The article compares the White House under U.S. President George Washington and First Lady Martha Washington with that of Abigail Adams. An overview of the rooms in which Abigail Adams entertained guests, including the drawing and reception rooms, is provided.

An essay is presented that examines borders drawn by the Shawnee Indians in the Great Lakes region of the U.S. between the 1795 agreement the Treaty of Greenville and the removal of the Shawnees in 1832. It also discusses disputes concerning the boundaries with the U.S. government in efforts to control the region. It examines the establishment of the Shawnee town of Wapakoneta, Ohio, Shawnee leaders Catahecassa, Tecumseh, and Tenskwatawa, and Shawnee and Delaware tribe land rights in the Great Lakes region and their negotiations with the administration of U.S. president Thomas Jefferson.

The article discusses efforts to bring about the legal abolition of slavery in New Jersey between 1830 and 1860. The article examines the presence of slavery in New Jersey despite the 1804 legislation known as the Gradual Abolition Act, attitudes toward the continuation of slavery in New Jersey among whites and African Americans in the state, and how the debate over slavery in the U.S. impacted the status of slavery in New Jersey, particularly concerning fugitive slaves.

An essay is presented concerning how African Americans practiced freedom in antebellum New York City and the impact of counterfeit money circulating in New York City. It examines the difficulties associated with abolition in New York City, how African Americans negotiated with white Americans in commerce, and the power dynamics of commerce between the two groups. It also discusses the social aspects of the U.S. monetary system.

The article discusses the significance of female voluntary fundraising associations and their contributions to civic consciousness prior to and during the American Revolution. It discusses the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, group the Ladies Association of Philadelphia, the public role of women, and the history of volunteerism in Philadelphia. The article also describes economic conditions in Philadelphia during the late 18th century, social tension following the 1778 British occupation of the city, and then-Philadelphia resident Esther DeBerdt Reed.

An essay is presented concerning former U.S. president John Adams and his thoughts and actions regarding U.S. relations with Native Americans. It examines Adams's attitudes toward Native Americans, the impact of his administration's policies upon Native Americans, and what the author identifies as Adams's paradoxical stances toward Native Americans. The article also compares Adams's interest in Native Americans with that of former U.S. president Thomas Jefferson.

The article focuses on the history of U.S. congressmen between 1789 and 1828. The author explains that due to the personal sacrifices involved with serving in Congress at the time, many congressmen voluntarily retired. She explores how the family burdens left to congressmen's wives led them to leave their political careers and discusses how this impacted the political development of the nation.

The article focuses on the history of popular participation in U.S. partisan politics between 1787 and 1825, arguing that political participation began with the Jeffersonian political revolution and not with the Jacksonian model of democracy. The author examines the electoral history of Jeffersonian New York and the Columbia County Republicans of 1806, discusses how the democracy of the era was linked to property rights and land tenure, and analyzes the political actions of attorney Martin Van Buren.

An essay is presented on the role of Illinois newspapers in 19th-century debates over the introduction of slavery to the state. According to the author, these newspapers were part of a nationwide print culture which emphasized nationalist ideals and republican principles rather than individuals' material interests. It is suggested that this culture influenced Illinois voters to decide against slavery. Topics discussed include civic virtue and economic conditions on the Illinois frontier.

An essay is presented on the relationship between gambling and social, political, and business networks in early America. According to the author, public gambling provided a site for political mobilization and helped to shape a nationwide culture of masculine risk. It is suggested that while wealthy white men created and held hegemonic power, it was constructed through vertical social networks and benefited white men across class and region. Horse racing and reputation are also discussed.

The article focuses on issues associated with the political and public debates surrounding the U.S. government's policies towards Indian removal during the early Republic period, especially those regarding notions of the interrelationship between language, race, and civilization of the Indians of North America. Some of the subjects considered include the syllabic alphabet created for the Cherokee language in the 1820s; nineteenth-century philology studies by American statesman Albert Gallatin, missionary John Heckewelder, and the philologist Peter S. Du Ponceau; and the department of Indian Affairs during the administration of U.S. President Andrew Jackson.

The article discusses the efforts of social reformer Thomas L. Kane to advocate on behalf of Mormons in the U.S. during the 19th century. Kane attempted to change the public image of Mormons among Americans by characterizing them as a religious minority suffering from persecution. The author comments on how Kane illustrates reform efforts of the U.S. Democratic Party and how Kane considered the loyalty of the Mormons to the U.S. to be a key element in retaining control of western territories following the Mexican-American War. Kane's public relations efforts led to the appointment of Brigham Young as governor of the Utah territory and the creation of a Mormon battalion. Revelations of polygamy among Mormons hindered Kane's efforts.

The article presents news items related to the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic (SHEAR). These include the awarding of the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for History to SHEAR member Annette Gordon-Reed, a call for papers for the 2010 SHEAR annual conference, and the announcement of the winners of the 2009-2010 SHEAR fellowships.

The article presents information on the politics behind the Morrill Tariff in the U.S. The tariff was written by Representative Justin S. Morrill of Vermont. Scholarship on the tariff contains assessments of its protective character and the bill's political origins. It is stated that Morrill's claim directly conflicts with the political economy literature on tariff formation--tariffs are usually formed after intense political lobbying by beneficiary firms, but Morrill claims that such lobbying was missing in his tariff. It is mentioned that most studies of the Morrill Tariff pay little attention to the role of lobbyists, deferring with little scrutiny to Morrill's "Missing Industry" claim.