22 results
Search Results
2. Epilepsy, violence, and crime. A historical analysis.
- Subjects
CRIMINAL psychology ,HISTORICAL analysis ,EPILEPSY ,PERSONALITY ,SOCIAL status ,FORENSIC psychiatry ,FORENSIC psychology - Abstract
In the 19th and early 20th century, epilepsy was one of the most investigated disorders in forensic psychiatry and psychology. The possible subsidiary symptoms of epilepsy (such as temporal confusion, alterations of consciousness, or increased aggression) played pivotal roles in early forensic and criminal psychological theories that aimed to underscore the problematic medical, social and legal status of epileptic criminals. These criminals were considered extremely violent and capable of committing sudden, brutal acts. Although the theory of "epileptic criminality" was refuted due to 20th‐century developments in medicine, forensic psychiatry, and criminal psychology, some suppositions related to the concept of epileptic personality have lingered. This paper explores the lasting influence of the theory of epileptic personality by examining the evolution of the theories of epileptic criminality both in the international and the Hungarian context. Specifically, it calls attention to the twentieth‐century revival of the theory of epileptic personality in the works of Leopold Szondi, István Benedek and Norman Geschwind. The paper shows that the issue of epileptic personality still lingers in neuropsychology. In doing so, biological reductionist trends in medical‐psychological thinking are traced, and attention is drawn to questions that arise due to changing cultural and medical representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Seeking double personality: Nakamura Kokyō's work in abnormal psychology in early 20th-century Japan.
- Author
-
Wu YC
- Subjects
- Dissociative Identity Disorder psychology, History, 20th Century, Humans, Hysteria psychology, Japan, Dissociative Identity Disorder history, Hysteria history, Parapsychology history, Personality
- Abstract
This paper examines Nakamura Kokyō's study of a woman with a split personality who lived in his home as a maid from 1917 until her death in 1940. She was his indispensable muse and assistant in his efforts to promote abnormal psychology and psychotherapy. This paper first explores the central position of multiple personality in Nakamura's theory of the subconscious, which was largely based on the model of dissociation. It then examines how it became a central issue in Nakamura's disputes with religions including the element of spirit possession, which invoked Western psychical research to modernize their doctrines. While both were concerned with the subconscious and alterations in personality, Nakamura's psychological view was distinguished from those spiritual understandings by his emphasis on individual memories, particularly those that were traumatic, and hysteria. The remaining sections of the paper will examine Nakamura's views on memory and hysteria, which conflicted with both the academic mainstream and the established cultural beliefs. This conflict may partly explain the limited success of Nakamura's academic and social campaigns., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The ambivert: A failed attempt at a normal personality.
- Author
-
Davidson IJ
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Humans, Models, Psychological, Personality physiology, Psychological Theory
- Abstract
Recently, attention has been drawn toward an overlooked and nearly forgotten personality type: the ambivert. This paper presents a genealogy of the ambivert, locating the various contexts it traversed in order to highlight the ways in which these places and times have interacted and changed-ultimately elucidating our current situation. Proposed by Edmund S. Conklin in 1923, the ambivert only was meant for normal persons in between the introvert and extravert extremes. Although the ambivert could have been taken up by early personality psychologists who were transitioning from the study of the abnormal to the normal, it largely failed to gain traction. Whether among psychoanalysts, psychiatrists, or applied and personality psychologists, the ambivert was personality non grata. It was only within the context of Eysenck's integrative view of types and traits that the ambivert marginally persisted up to the present day and is now the focus of sales management and popular psychology., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The psychology and physiology of temperament: Pragmatism in context.
- Author
-
Bordogna, Francesca
- Subjects
TEMPERAMENT ,PRAGMATISM ,PERSONALITY ,PSYCHOLOGY ,PHYSIOLOGY ,PSYCHOLOGISTS - Abstract
This paper traces William James's famous “temperament thesis” according to which the philosophical stance that individuals take depends on their “temperaments.” It seeks to understand James's conception of temperament by locating James within a set of contemporary investigations that linked the sources of mental, and even higher, intellectual processes to the physiological and organic constitution of the individual. The paper argues that James understood temperament along the reflex-arc model and discusses the implications of that physiological account of temperament for James's overall conception of philosophy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. “A coherent datum of perception”: Gordon Allport, Floyd Allport, and the politics of “personality”.
- Author
-
Nicholson, Ian A. M.
- Subjects
PERSONALITY ,PSYCHOLOGY ,INTERPERSONAL relations - Abstract
This paper examines Floyd and Gordon Allport's early work on “personality” psychology. In the early 1920s, personality was an unorthodox topic, and for the Allports it initially served as an intellectual and personal bond. Floyd proposed the subject to his brother as a dissertation topic, and the two worked closely on developing personality tests. By 1924, however, “personality” had become the site of a dispute between the two brothers over the intellectual and methodological character of American psychology. The present study examines the origins of this dispute, while gauging the personal and professional ramifications of the dispute. On a larger level, this essay explores the role and meaning of “personality” in the academic culture of 1920s America. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. How social was personality? The Allports' "connection" of social and personality psychology.
- Author
-
Barenbaum NB
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, Humans, Personality, Psychological Theory, Psychology, Social history
- Abstract
This paper investigates three conflicting reconstructions of the historical relationship between personality and social psychology and addresses questions they raise regarding the subdisciplinary status of personality in the 1920s and the way in which the field gradually emerged as a separate area of psychology. Contesting claims that Floyd Allport first connected social psychology to a separate "branch" of personality psychology in the 1920s, I argue that he drew upon earlier work of psychologists and sociologists who treated personality as a central topic of social psychology. I compare Floyd Allport's views with those of Gordon Allport, who endeavored to establish personality as a separate subdiscipline., (Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Epilepsy, violence, and crime. A historical analysis
- Author
-
Júlia Gyimesi
- Subjects
History ,Reductionism ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epilepsy ,Aggression ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Poison control ,Context (language use) ,Forensic Psychiatry ,Violence ,Criminology ,Criminal psychology ,Forensic psychiatry ,medicine ,Humans ,Personality ,Crime ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Consciousness ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
In the 19th and early 20th century, epilepsy was one of the most investigated disorders in forensic psychiatry and psychology. The possible subsidiary symptoms of epilepsy (such as temporal confusion, alterations of consciousness, or increased aggression) played pivotal roles in early forensic and criminal psychological theories that aimed to underscore the problematic medical, social and legal status of epileptic criminals. These criminals were considered extremely violent and capable of committing sudden, brutal acts. Although the theory of "epileptic criminality" was refuted due to 20th-century developments in medicine, forensic psychiatry, and criminal psychology, some suppositions related to the concept of epileptic personality have lingered. This paper explores the lasting influence of the theory of epileptic personality by examining the evolution of the theories of epileptic criminality both in the international and the Hungarian context. Specifically, it calls attention to the twentieth-century revival of the theory of epileptic personality in the works of Leopold Szondi, István Benedek and Norman Geschwind. The paper shows that the issue of epileptic personality still lingers in neuropsychology. In doing so, biological reductionist trends in medical-psychological thinking are traced, and attention is drawn to questions that arise due to changing cultural and medical representations.
- Published
- 2021
9. Seeking double personality: Nakamura Kokyō's work in abnormal psychology in early 20th‐century Japan
- Author
-
Yu-Chuan Wu
- Subjects
History ,Psychoanalysis ,Subconscious ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Dissociative Identity Disorder ,Hysteria ,History, 20th Century ,Possession (law) ,medicine.disease ,Cultural beliefs ,Japan ,Parapsychology ,medicine ,Abnormal psychology ,Humans ,Mainstream ,Personality ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Element (criminal law) ,Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
This paper examines Nakamura Kokyō's study of a woman with a split personality who lived in his home as a maid from 1917 until her death in 1940. She was his indispensable muse and assistant in his efforts to promote abnormal psychology and psychotherapy. This paper first explores the central position of multiple personality in Nakamura's theory of the subconscious, which was largely based on the model of dissociation. It then examines how it became a central issue in Nakamura's disputes with religions including the element of spirit possession, which invoked Western psychical research to modernize their doctrines. While both were concerned with the subconscious and alterations in personality, Nakamura's psychological view was distinguished from those spiritual understandings by his emphasis on individual memories, particularly those that were traumatic, and hysteria. The remaining sections of the paper will examine Nakamura's views on memory and hysteria, which conflicted with both the academic mainstream and the established cultural beliefs. This conflict may partly explain the limited success of Nakamura's academic and social campaigns.
- Published
- 2020
10. Japanese‐American confinement and scientific democracy: Colonialism, social engineering, and government administration.
- Author
-
Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra and Benmergui, Leandro Daniel
- Subjects
JAPAN-United States relations ,WORLD War II ,PERSONALITY ,PUBLIC administration ,SOCIAL sciences ,DEMOCRACY ,HISTORY - Abstract
Abstract: During World War II, the U.S. Indian Service conducted social science experiments regarding governance among Japanese Americans imprisoned at the Poston, Arizona, camp. Researchers used an array of techniques culled from anthropological culture and personality studies, psychiatry, psychology, medicine, and public opinion research to probe how the personality traits of the confined Japanese‐Americans and camp leaders affected the social interactions within each group and between them. The research drew on prior studies of Indian personality in the US Southwest, Mexico's Native policies, and indirect colonial rule. Researchers asked how democracy functioned in contexts marked by hierarchy and difference. Their goal was to guide future policies toward US “minorities“ and foreign races in post‐war occupied territories. We show how researchers deployed ideas about race, cultural, and difference across a variety of cases to create a universal, predictive social science, which they combined with a prewar romanticism and cultural relativism. These researchers made ethnic, racial, and cultural difference compatible with predictive laws of science based on notions of fundamental human similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The ambivert: A failed attempt at a normal personality
- Author
-
Ian J. Davidson
- Subjects
History ,Extraversion and introversion ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Historical Article ,050109 social psychology ,Context (language use) ,History, 20th Century ,Models, Psychological ,050105 experimental psychology ,Personality type ,Popular psychology ,Psychological Theory ,Humans ,Personality ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Recently, attention has been drawn toward an overlooked and nearly forgotten personality type: the ambivert. This paper presents a genealogy of the ambivert, locating the various contexts it traversed in order to highlight the ways in which these places and times have interacted and changed-ultimately elucidating our current situation. Proposed by Edmund S. Conklin in 1923, the ambivert only was meant for normal persons in between the introvert and extravert extremes. Although the ambivert could have been taken up by early personality psychologists who were transitioning from the study of the abnormal to the normal, it largely failed to gain traction. Whether among psychoanalysts, psychiatrists, or applied and personality psychologists, the ambivert was personality non grata. It was only within the context of Eysenck's integrative view of types and traits that the ambivert marginally persisted up to the present day and is now the focus of sales management and popular psychology.
- Published
- 2017
12. Queer signs: The women of the British projective test movement
- Author
-
Katherine Hubbard
- Subjects
History ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Historical Article ,050109 social psychology ,Gender studies ,06 humanities and the arts ,Feminism ,Rorschach test ,060105 history of science, technology & medicine ,Personality ,Queer ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0601 history and archaeology ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Homosexuality ,Sociology ,Lesbian ,Projective test ,media_common - Abstract
As queer history is often hidden, historians must look for "signs" that hint at queer lives and experiences. When psychologists use projective tests, the search for queer signs has historically been more literal, and this was especially true in the homophobic practices of Psychology in the mid-twentieth century. In this paper, I respond to Elizabeth Scarborough's call for more analytic history about the lesser known women in Psychology's history. By focusing on British projective research conducted by lesbian psychologist June Hopkins, I shift perspective and consider, not those who were tested (which has been historically more common), but those who did the testing, and position them as potential queer subjects. After briefly outlining why the projective test movement is ripe for such analysis and the kinds of queer signs that were identified using the Rorschach ink blot test in the mid-twentieth century, I then present June Hopkins' (1969, 1970) research on the "lesbian personality." This work forms a framework upon which I then consider the lives of Margaret Lowenfeld, Ann Kaldegg, and Effie Lillian Hutton, all of whom were involved in the British projective test movement a generation prior to Hopkins. By adopting Hopkins' research to frame their lives, I present the possibility of this ambiguous history being distinctly queer.
- Published
- 2017
13. A four-fold humanity: Margaret Mead and psychological types.
- Author
-
Sullivan, Gerald
- Subjects
HUMANITY ,PERSONALITY - Abstract
Beginning in 1933, while working in New Guinea, Margaret Mead developed her so-called squares hypothesis. Mead never published its terms, though she made a brief comment on it in her autobiography, Blackberry Winter (1972), and the arguments found in Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935) and the research leading to Balinese Character (Bateson & Mead, 1942) bore its imprint. Beginning with William McDougall's distinction between temperament (innate predispositions) and character (learned organization of habit), Mead articulated a morphological approach to the interplay between biology and culture that yielded four primary and four intermediary personality types. Under specified but not inevitable circumstances, the conscious choices of a given people could render one or another of these types characteristic or predominantly stable within their population, giving each of the other types a definite relation to the dominant type and thereby the cultural ethos of its society. Persons of each type followed a developmental path specific to their type different both from that of other types and in its manifestations given the various relations of the individual's type to the dominant type. Mead's hypothesis was, therefore, a vision of the unity and diversity of a single human species as well as an approach to the differing psychological positioning of individuals in cultures. In examining Mead's hypothesis, this essay also takes up Mead's debts to several leading psychologists (McDougall, C. G. Jung, and Erik Erikson), and (provisionally) how her vision differed from that of Ruth Benedict. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. "Idiographic" vis-a-vis "idiodynamic" in the historical perspective of personality theory: Remembering Gordon Allport, 1897-1997.
- Author
-
Rosenzweig, Saul and Fisher, Sherri L.
- Subjects
PERSONALITY - Abstract
The centenary of Gordon W. Allport provides an occasion for reappraising his special position regarding uniqueness in personality. Allport's theory of personality, as first presented in his 1937 textbook, highlighted the idiographic in conjunction with the nomothetic approach, and the fundamental unit in his formulation was the trait. He described common and unique traits as well as the unique organization of traits. In contradistinction, the idiodynamic orientation, introduced by Saul Rosenzweig in 1951 and, in more detail in 1958, focused on events which over a lifespan constitute an idioverse—a population of phenomenological events. Allport's original emphasis on the idiographic and his later confusion concerning idiodynamics, can, in considerable measure, be understood by recognizing the role of religious spirituality in his conception of the person. That conception, which derived from an early religious indoctrination, asserted itself with renewed vigor in his later years. His scientific conception of personality thus remained unconsummated, subordinated by him to the unsolvable mysteries of ontology which properly belong, he believed, in the domain of faith. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. How social was personality? The Allports' ?connection? of social and personality psychology
- Author
-
Nicole B. Barenbaum
- Subjects
Agreeableness ,History ,Personality development ,media_common.quotation_subject ,School psychology ,Differential psychology ,Personality psychology ,Locus of control ,Personality ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Theoretical psychology ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
This paper investigates three conflicting reconstructions of the historical relationship between personality and social psychology and addresses questions they raise regarding the subdisciplinary status of personality in the 1920s and the way in which the field gradually emerged as a separate area of psychology. Contesting claims that Floyd Allport first connected social psychology to a separate "branch" of personality psychology in the 1920s, I argue that he drew upon earlier work of psychologists and sociologists who treated personality as a central topic of social psychology. I compare Floyd Allport's views with those of Gordon Allport, who endeavored to establish personality as a separate subdiscipline.
- Published
- 2000
16. ?A coherent datum of perception?: Gordon Allport, Floyd Allport, and the politics of ?personality?
- Author
-
Ian Nicholson
- Subjects
History ,Social psychology (sociology) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Subject (philosophy) ,Meaning (non-linguistic) ,Personality psychology ,Brother ,Politics ,History of psychology ,Personality ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
This paper examines Floyd and Gordon Allport's early work on “personality” psychology. In the early 1920s, personality was an unorthodox topic, and for the Allports it initially served as an intellectual and personal bond. Floyd proposed the subject to his brother as a dissertation topic, and the two worked closely on developing personality tests. By 1924, however, “personality” had become the site of a dispute between the two brothers over the intellectual and methodological character of American psychology. The present study examines the origins of this dispute, while gauging the personal and professional ramifications of the dispute. On a larger level, this essay explores the role and meaning of “personality” in the academic culture of 1920s America. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Published
- 2000
17. 'A brilliant and many-sided personality': Jessie Margaret Murray, founder of the Medico-Psychological Clinic
- Author
-
Elizabeth R. Valentine
- Subjects
Grande bretagne ,Reino unido ,Hospitals, Psychiatric ,History ,Psychoanalysis ,Education, Medical ,Anthropology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Psychoanalytic Therapy ,Demise ,History, 20th Century ,Personality psychology ,State Medicine ,United Kingdom ,Physicians, Women ,Psychoanalytic Theory ,Personality ,Professional association ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Sociology ,Royaume uni ,media_common - Abstract
This paper outlines the life and career of Jessie Margaret Murray, the moving spirit behind the foundation of the Medico-Psychological Clinic, the first public clinic in Britain to offer psychoanalytic therapy and training in psychoanalysis. Biographical details of Murray and her close friend and collaborator, Julia Turner, are presented, and possible routes by which the two women may have met are explored. Murray's role in the suffragist movement is described, as well as other networks and professional societies in which she was involved, in particular the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, and her relationship with Marie Stopes. An account is given of events leading up to the founding of the Clinic, its activities, Murray's death, and other factors contributing to its demise. Finally, the Clinic's heritage and implications of the personalities of Murray and Turner for understanding the subsequent development of psycho-analysis in Britain are considered.
- Published
- 2009
18. 'A coherent datum of perception': Gordon Allport, Floyd Allport, and the politics of 'personality'
- Author
-
F H, Allport
- Subjects
Interprofessional Relations ,Individuality ,Humans ,Psychology ,Behaviorism ,History, 20th Century ,United States ,Personality - Abstract
This paper examines Floyd and Gordon Allport's early work on "personality" psychology. In the early 1920s, personality was an unorthodox topic, and for the Allports it initially served as an intellectual and personal bond. Floyd proposed the subject to his brother as a dissertation topic, and the two worked closely on developing personality tests. By 1924, however, "personality" had become the site of a dispute between the two brothers over the intellectual and methodological character of American psychology. The present study examines the origins of this dispute, while gauging the personal and professional ramifications of the dispute. On a larger level, this essay explores the role and meaning of "personality" in the academic culture of 1920s America.
- Published
- 2000
19. How social was personality? The Allports' 'connection' of social and personality psychology
- Author
-
F H, Allport
- Subjects
Humans ,History, 20th Century ,Psychological Theory ,Psychology, Social ,Personality - Abstract
This paper investigates three conflicting reconstructions of the historical relationship between personality and social psychology and addresses questions they raise regarding the subdisciplinary status of personality in the 1920s and the way in which the field gradually emerged as a separate area of psychology. Contesting claims that Floyd Allport first connected social psychology to a separate "branch" of personality psychology in the 1920s, I argue that he drew upon earlier work of psychologists and sociologists who treated personality as a central topic of social psychology. I compare Floyd Allport's views with those of Gordon Allport, who endeavored to establish personality as a separate subdiscipline.
- Published
- 2000
20. Multiple personality and hypnosis: The first one hundred years
- Author
-
Eric T. Carlson
- Subjects
History ,Hypnosis ,Unconscious mind ,Psychotherapist ,Subconscious ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine.disease ,Personality psychology ,Psychodynamics ,Multiple Personality Disorder ,Dissociative identity disorder ,medicine ,Personality ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
The Enlightenment brought with it a greater scientific interest in and attention to a wider range of human behavior. In 1789, there emerged during the French Revolution a case of what would be today called multiple personality disorder which came under the care of a local physician, Dr. Eberhard Gmelin. Gmelin had only recently become interested in mesmerism and tried this procedure with this patient. So started an ongoing and gradually increasing exploration of the role of hypnosis in multiple personalities. This paper contributes to the historical background of such psychodynamic concepts as dissociation, splitting, repression, consciousness, subconscious, and unconscious.
- Published
- 1989
21. Vocational guidance during the Depression: phrenology versus applied psychology
- Author
-
G B, Risse
- Subjects
Phrenology ,Cephalometry ,Unemployment ,Aptitude ,Humans ,History, 20th Century ,United States ,Personality ,Psychology, Applied ,Vocational Guidance - Abstract
The paper describes the design and use of a machine, the "Psychograph," which automatically measured the size and shape of the skull and provided evaluations of mental traits according to phrenological principles. Developed in 1930, the psychograph was billed as a diagnostic tool capable of providing suitable vocational guidance to the thousands of unemployed as a result of the Depression. Its appearance prompted a vigorous opposition from the Psychology Department at the University of Minnesota, especially in the person of Donald L. Paterson. Subsequently, the psychograph was merely exploited for its entertainment value and disappeared after the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago.
- Published
- 1976
22. Ian A. M. Nicholson. Inventing Personality: Gordon Allport and the Science of Selfhood . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2003. 301 pp. $39.95 (cloth). ISBN 1-55798-929-X.
- Author
-
Barenbaum, Nicole B.
- Subjects
PERSONALITY ,NONFICTION - Abstract
Reviews the book "Inventing Personality: Gordon Allport and the Science of Selfhood," by Ian A. M. Nicholson.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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