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The dynamic system of an equivalent dye sensitized solar cell electrical model is implemented to analyze the current, voltage and power characteristics. The parameters governing the working of the dye sensitized solar cell are determined for obtaining optimum efficiency. The complex process at different interfaces between the electrode, dye and electrolyte is examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The open-circuit voltage drops with the rise in cell temperature, as there is rapid growth in the reverse saturation current. The open-circuit voltage rises as the insolation level increases even though the saturation current of the recombination diode is independent of the amount of illumination. The current–voltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the proposed electrical model matches to that of experimental curve proving that the developed electrical model can be employed as a useful way for assessing the electrical properties of the dye sensitized solar cells. A generalized dye sensitized solar cell model which can be a representative of all the dye sensitized solar cell, module, and array is developed with MATLAB/Simulink. This makes it simple to simulate, examine and optimize the dynamics of a dye sensitized solar cell.

Many conventional sensors are used in industries since industrial methane sensing is critical. In the present case, a SnO2layer is the sensing medium for methane that decreases its electrical resistance with increase in methane concentration. A Wheatstone bridge detects the decrease in resistance, thereby converting it to a suitable voltage. Since the environment where methane gas would be present is hazardous, electrical communication is impossible through a physical network. Instead, the authors have taken the help of the Internet of Things (IoT) for data communication purpose which has become much more feasible nowadays for communicating data in a hazardous environment. The mathematical relationship of the methane concentration with the transmitted current and voltage is found by theoretically analyzing the proposed methane sensor. The authors have tested the proposed system of methane concentration measurement experimentally. The paper presents the experimental results with reasonable accuracy, sensitivity, and linearity.