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In this research, microfiber release from knitted fabric was analysed with open edge and edge covered with lock stitch. The main aim of the research is to evaluate the role of fabric parameters on microfiber shedding using a laboratory scale laundry machine. Hence, in this study, 100% polyester fabric with the same structure and different weight (mass per square meter) were analysed. Similarly, to estimate the role of the fabric structure, different structures with the same weight were also laundered and microfiber count and mass values were estimated. The research results reported that fabric with higher weight sheds more amount of microfiber per square meter of fabric laundered. This could be related to the higher thickness and coarser filament denier in the higher weight fabric. Further, a reduction in shedding was evident in the case of higher stitch density, tightness factor, and lower loop length. As far as the structures are concerned, the Interlock structure sheds more microfiber during the laundry compared to the 1X1 rib and single jersey. This is true when we consider the stitch density and tightness factor of the selected structures. In physical property analysis, a positive correlation is noted between bursting strength and shedding behaviour. In the case of abrasion resistance, a negative correlation was noted with weight loss percentage and shedding. The results did not show any correlation between microfiber shedding and pilling properties of the synthetic textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evidence coupled with awareness towards carcinogenic effects of synthetic textiles dyes to the wearer, exhausting fossil fuels, ecological balance distortion, and increased pollutants from the textile industry harming the environment, is on the rise. In this context, the paper provides a significant overview of ancient biomaterial engineering with herbal colorants to refute the modern ecological crisis. The medicinal properties of natural dyes have the potential to create functional textiles, cogently their ability to combat UV radiation and microorganisms are discussed in depth. Cohesively, the subtle and the vital role of plant phytochemicals is comprised. The overview would further propel the textile industry towards slow technology and slow fashion in a substantial way. Thus, it motivates us to view more in less for radical change. For the future, the review paper highlight's on multi-disciplinary research approach at global, institutional, and individual levels of research to meet the anticipated holistic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color plays a pivotal role in textile industry with wide usage of varieties of chemical entities. Synthetic dyes and colorants are being used extensively in the present textile and dyeing industrial scenarios. Extensive use of synthetic dyes in textile industries has many drawbacks and constitutes environmental concern. In the recent years there has been an intensive research for the practical application of natural colorants on textiles as a feasible alternative to synthetic dyes. The aim of this review is to discuss the variety of characteristic colorants produced by fungi and to enlist its possible applications in textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile washing process involves basically three stages: (1) removing the soiling from the substrate, (2) suspending the soling removed in the washing bath and (3) preventing redeposition of the soiling onto the substrate from which it has just been removed. In fact, soiling removed from the substrate may have deposited on it to a greater or lesser extent during the detergent process, as unwanted phenomenon that can be avoided using appropriate polymers. Preventing the redeposition of impurities is especially important during the washing of synthetic fibres with a compact crystal structure such as polyester or acrylics. The primary purpose of this work was to assess the performance of a polyethylene glycol polyester copolymer used as a detergent additive to prevent redeposition of solid impurities during the washing of standard polyester and acrylic fabrics in terms of the zeta potential of the fabrics. The copolymer was used in combination with the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, the non-ionic surfactant fatty alcohol ethoxylate with 7 mol E.O. or both in variable proportions. The soiling used as a solid impurity in the washing process was carbon black. The observed behaviour is explained in terms of the electrical double layer of the fabrics, which was characterised separately with each surfactant and their mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a textile-based strain sensor has been developed by in situ polymerization of aniline on nylon Lycra fabric. The tensile and repeatability characteristics of the nylon Lycra fabric were studied in Zwick/Roell Z010 tester to analyze the suitability of the fabric for sensor development. After polyaniline coating, the control and coated fabrics have been characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray. The change in electrical resistance for the applied strain was studied to analyze the strain sensing behavior of the polyaniline-coated nylon Lycra fabric. From tensile and repeatability study, it was observed that the conditioning cycles are necessary for the nylon Lycra fabric before taking actual measurements in order to improve the stability of the sensor response. The developed fabric had the electrical resistance of 3.5 KΩ/square. The electrical resistance of the developed PANI-coated fabric decreases as the sample is strained and increases again as the strain is relaxed. The measurement of the conductivity change with strain shows that the developed fabric exhibits high strain sensitivity. When used in conjunction with a commercial goniometer, the polyaniline-coated nylon Lycra fabric responded well to the magnitude of bending deformations, demonstrating potential for remote the strain sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito repellent textile materials are being increasingly in demand as a preventive measure to protect the consumers from mosquito-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, etc. Many of these agents are applied in post-colouration operation to the fabric. Although initially they show good repellency against mosquitoes, upon repeated washing cycles, this effect gets diminished considerably. In the present work, nylon fabric is imparted mosquito repellent finish in one, single operation of dyeing cum finishing. This approach is based on the modification of commonly used mosquito-repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and synthesizing a reactive dye based on this important ingredient. A reactive dye was synthesized in order to impart mosquito repellency to the nylon 6 fabric, DEET was first subjected to nitration using Potassium nitrate and dichloromethane (DCM). This nitrated product was reduced in the presence of water: ethanol (30:70) and the amine, thus, produced was then condensed with 2, 4, 6-trichloro-1, 3, 5-triazine (cyanuric chloride) a reactive group. The resultant product was finally reacted with an amino group present in 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulphonic acid (Bronner’s acid) to obtain Sodium6-((4-(diethylcarbamoyl)-2-methylphenyl) amino)-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl) amino) naphthalene-2-sulfonate (reactive dye). This reactive dye was then applied on nylon 6 fabric by covalent bonding to provide mosquito-repellent material. The chemical structures of the dye were characterized using FTIR and1H-NMR spectroscopy. The melting point of the dye was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The fastness properties of the dyed cum finished fabric were measured to evaluate the performance of the dye. Efficacy of mosquito repellency of the treated nylon 6 fabric was studied using standard methods. The nylon 6 fabric reacted with the mosquito-repellent dye and showed very good durable mosquito-repellent activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to functionalize nylon fabrics’ surfaces with enzymatic treatment and to verify the improvement in the nylon fabric’s reactivity via an immobilization process. Particularly, we investigated the optimal condition of pH, temperature, treatment time, enzyme concentration, activators, and activators’ concentration, respectively. The functionalization under the optimal conditions results in increasing the wettability in nylon fabrics. The newly introduced functional ionic groups being formed on nylon fabrics also increased the sensitivity to wool-reactive, acid, and basic dyes. We confirmed the stable and strong formation of functional ionic groups via the wash fastness test. Finally, this study showed the improvement in the interaction between immobilized enzymes and functionalized nylon by 20% of relative immobilization yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global growth of Geosynthetics for the last few decades or so has been substantially enhancing at an average of 10% per annum. Within the domain of geotextile, jute geotextile (JGT), a class of natural technical textile has carved out a niche in this emerging technology. Though far behind its man-made counterpart in growth, its effectiveness in addressing a host of different geotechnical problems and more importantly its eco-congruity is gaining increasing acceptability worldwide. The major uses of JGT are in road construction – low- and medium-volume roads in particular, soil erosion control, etc. Traditional sacking quality jute-woven fabrics (both plain and twill weaves) are being used in the above-mentioned applications. But use of conventional jute sacking fabrics being not application-specific and function-oriented deserves rethinking on adoption of the conventional jute fabrics used for flexible packaging in road construction, soil erosion control as well as other geotechnical construction. It is in this context that development of potentially important JGT for strengthening rural roads as well as in river bank protection assumes significance. It was realized that such JGT should be woven whose property parameters should be functionally apt for serving the purpose. The paper outlines a structured approach to fabric engineering related to JGT in tune with different prime parameters of design concerning rural road construction and river bank protection along with optimization and standardization of the fabric by comparative analysis of the different tests results of property parameters of the developed JGT samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that nonwoven basis weight uniformity affects various properties of nonwovens, including appearance, physical properties, or mechanical properties. However, it is one of the nonwoven characteristics that is most difficult to characterize. This paper reports on the methodology based on the well-known quadrant method that objectively quantifies uniformity of nonwoven fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) fabrics were knitted with different SMPU fiber contents for the investigation of its bagging behaviour in this paper. The bagging deformation and recovery of these SMPU-knitted fabrics were determined at different temperatures to evaluate its temperature sensitivity. Our experimental results show that the bagging behavior of the SMPU-knitted fabrics is highly correlated with the amount of SMPU fibers knitted inside the SMPU fabrics. The switching temperature of the SMPU-knitted fabrics is found to be above the phase transfer temperature of SMPU. A comparison between Lycra and SMPU-knitted fabrics is also conducted to validate the shape memory bagging behavior of SMPU-knitted fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wool is a textile material that is valued for its strength, warmth, water resistance, and texture. But this natural fiber of the protein keratin lacks the stain resistance of synthetic fabrics and is also generally susceptible to harsh processing conditions. In this study, raw and oxidized wool fabrics were treated with nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder in an ultrasonic bath. These particles were linked to the wool surface by butane tetra carboxylic acid and also sodium hypophosphite was used as a catalyst. The photo-catalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles deposited on the wool fabrics was followed by the degradation of Acid Blue 113 as a stain and also determined by the degradation rate of food stains such as coffee, tea, and fruit juice under the ultraviolet rays. The results showed that increasing the amount of nano TiO2 leads to improved degradation of stains on the treated fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pore size distribution is a prerequisite to investigate any transport phenomena, especially in a porous structure such as nonwovens. The pores inside the nonwovens are highly complex in terms of the sizes, shapes and the capillary geometries. The majority of existing theories/models of pore size distribution of nonwovens do not account for the fibre orientation distribution characteristics. In this research work, the model for predicting the pore size distribution of nonwoven structures has been developed by combining the stochastic and stereological or geometrical probability approaches. These techniques have incorporated the effects of fibre orientation characteristics in nonwoven structures. The analytical model formulated is compared with the existing theories to predict the pore size distribution of nonwoven structures. A comparison is also made between the experimental and theoretical pore size distributions of spun-bonded and needle-punched nonwovens. The effect of various fibre and fabric parameters including fibre volume fraction, fibre orientation distribution characteristics and number of layers on pore size distribution of nonwoven structures has been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibres present multiple characteristics and are used in many fields such as textiles, technical or medical applications. In this context, we tried to use ligno-cellulosic fibres extracted from esparto (Stipa tenacissima L) as a support fiber in hygienic products. Due to their cellulosic nature, esparto fibres can provide a certain water sorption potential. In fact, fluff pulp was always used as a support fibre in the absorbent core structure of many hygienic products and this is particularly after adding super absorbent polymer (SAP). In this study, we choose to optimise the extraction process of these fibres using an experimental design method in order to obtain ultimate fibres and maximise their absorbent properties (absorbent capacity and retention). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different factors, namely spinning technologies (ring, rotor and DREF-II, i.e. Group A yarns), position of shrinkable acrylic feed sliver in DREF-II friction spinning system (Group B yarns) and proportion of shrinkable acrylic core fibre in core-sheath type DREF-III friction spun yarns (Group C yarns) on various properties of cotton-acrylic-blended bulked yarns have been studied, The bulk in the yarns was developed by relaxing shrinkable acrylic component of the yarns using boiling water treatment. All the above factors have a significant impact on various properties of cotton-acrylic blended bulked yarns. For all the yarns, after boiling treatment, there is lengthwise shrinkage of yarns and the specific volume also increases. Tenacity and breaking elongation of all the yarns of Group A and Group B increase after hot water treatment, whereas in case of core-sheath type DREF-III yarns (Group C yarns) there is drop in tenacity and breaking elongation after similar treatment. In general, for all the yarns the flexural rigidity of the yarns reduces and compressibility and compressional recovery of increases after bulking treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal bonded non-wovens are subjected to compression during their end-use performance in various technical and industrial applications. An attempt has been made to apply the previous theories of compression to formulate a simple two-dimensional (2D) micromechanical model of thermally bonded non-woven structures. The 2D model has incorporated the basic fibre parameters and properties including fibre volume fraction, proportion of free fibre length between two bonds, fibre modulus and an integral defining the orientation characteristics of fibres. A comparison is made between the experimental and theoretical pressure-thickness curves. The effect of fibre orientation characteristics and volume fraction on the compressional behaviour of thermally bonded non-wovens has also been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the screen printing of transmission lines into a variety of nonwoven substrates using different conductive inks for durable and wearable electronic textile applications. The viscosity of the ink dictated the performance of the printed media during washing trials. The printed inks begin to degrade and display lower conductivity after 25 wash cycles. A method to control the durability of the printed circuits, which includes coating of the printed lines with a meltblown layer, has been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the factors affecting the packing of a micro-porous yarn, namely proportion of PVA fibre content, yarn twist multiplier (TM) and spindle speed at ring frame, and with their combined effect on various properties of the yarn. The micro-pores within the structure of the yarn have been created by dissolving the PVA fibres using washing treatment in hot water. A three-variable factorial design technique proposed by Box and Behnken is used to investigate the combined interaction effect of the above variables on the properties of the yarn. The present experiment variables, namely proportion of PVA fibre, yarn twist multiplier (TM) and spindle speed, were found to have significant impact on various properties of yarns before and after wash. For yarns before wash, the specific volume reduces with the increase in the PVA content, yarn twist and spindle speed. In the case of yarns after wash, there is reduction in the yarn specific volume with the increase in TM and spindle speed, but with the increase in the PVA percentage the yarn specific volume increases. The tenacity of yarns before wash increases with the increase in the PVA content, but for yarns after wash, the proportion of PVA content has comparatively less influence. The compressibility of yarns before wash reduces with the increase in the PVA content, but a reverse trend is observed in the case of yarns after wash. The design variables were optimized for all the yarn properties by using the response surface equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commingled yarns for composite applications consist of combination of high-performance filaments and matrix-forming thermoplastic filaments that have quite different tensile characteristics. The commingling process mixes these filaments along with introduction of nips and open sections alternately along the length of commingled yarns. This makes the tensile behavior of commingled yarns to be quite different from that of constituent individual filaments. This article describes the effects of commingling on axial and nonaxial strengths of commingled yarns. The nonaxial performance of commingled yarns is evaluated in terms of ratio of loop strength or knot strength to the axial tensile strength. This may be used as an effective tool to understand the response of commingled yarns to negotiate curvatures and complex yarn paths during textile preforming process, particularly during formation of multiaxial weaves, knits, or braids. The nonaxial tensile testing of commingled yarns like knot and loop tensile tests gives an idea about the mixing of the filaments in the cross section. Commingled yarns in knotted or looped form retain almost 55%-60% of the axial tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this project, polyester microdenier and normal denier fibres and yarns were used to produce knitted fabrics. Microfibre fabrics showed excellent drapeability. The wicking behaviour of the microfibre fabrics was found to be better than that of the normal denier fabric. The water drop absorbency, drying rate and total absorbency of the microfibre fabrics were found to be better than those of the normal denier fabrics. However, pilling resistance and abrasion resistance of the microfibre fabrics did not vary significantly compared with normal denier fabrics. The bursting strength of the microfibre fabric was slightly better than that of the normal denier fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High modulus and high tenacity polypropylene filament has been prepared by drawing asspun filament on a heater having a gradient of temperature. The fiber properties are significantly affected by gradient heater settings, that is, nature and extent of gradient and end temperatures. Very high draw ratios are obtained through gradient drawing, resulting in high crystal perfection and crystallinity, along with very low void fraction. The gradient-drawn filaments showed superior mechanical as well as thermal properties when compared to filaments drawn over a constant temperature heater. Fibers having initial modulus of 17.5 GPa and tenacity of 750 MPa have been prepared in the process. Very low shrinkage of 7% at 150°C indicates excellent thermal stability of the gradient-drawn filaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of different pretreatment processes on the properties of viscose fabrics (sulphur content, whiteness degree, weft yarn breaking force, crystallinity and fiber surface) and on the color efficiency and repeatability of the prints have been investigated. For this purpose, viscose fabrics obtained from different sources and containing different amounts of sulphur were causticized, bleached, and reductive-washed. After impregnation with urea, fabrics were printed with two reactive dyestuffs having the same reactivity, but different molecular sizes. Color values of both dyes were measured and fastness was tested and compared in order to observe the effects of different pretreatment processes. Different methods of sulphur analysis were also investigated and tested to determine the sulphur content of the fibres. Among these methods, the lead acetate method, which is a subjective evaluation system, has been selected as the most appropriate for practical working conditions of the plants, and a sulphur scale was formed according to this method. Accuracy of the scale was also confirmed by elemental analysis (CHNS-O) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current rapid expansion of geotextile uses is taking place because of the appreciable advantages, in both versatility and cost, that these materials enjoy in comparison with more traditional ones. One of their more potentially valuable applications is as constraining devices for the movement of water. For this purpose, it is important that the actual material selected should be capable of achieving a long life-expectancy. In order to achieve this aim, the design of the geotextile, in terms of fibre properties and construction parameters, must be carefully planned. This paper examines the conditions of use likely to be encountered in typical applications and recommends manufacturing parameters that will ensure the optimum possible effectiveness of the geotextile over an extended period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explains how an understanding of relationships between the fine structure of fibres and their physical properties has developed over the past 60 or 70 years, culminating in the production of high-tech fibres with greatly superior properties, utilised in technical textiles, which are now commonplace aspects of modern life. In the early days, when natural fibres of cellulose were first studied by X-ray-diffraction methods, the idea of long-chain molecules passing through both crystalline and disordered regions of structure was proposed and generally accepted, but it was only with the invention of electron microscopy, and its application to fibre science, that a true understanding of the diversity of fibre structure could be appreciated and related to physical properties. Thus, through electron diffraction, it was realised that the long-chain molecules of the synthetic fibres of polyethylene, polyamide, and polyester bad a propensity to fold into lamellar crystals perpendicular to the fibre axis, which provided a severe restriction to the development of high-performance fibres. The search for chain-extended polymers that could he spun into fibres was ongoing, and simultaneously the possibility of producing fibres with extended lamellar systems parallel to the fibre axis, by converting precursor fibres into carbon-layer planes, was being explored. Direct visualisation of the molecular structures of PPTA and carbon fibres in transmission electron microscopy led to improved understanding of the relationships between tensile properties and structure, together with a realisation that the concomitant problem of relatively poor compressive properties has yet to be overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-speed photographic technique was used to observe fibres in flight in the transport channel of the air-laying process. Analysis of photographs was carried out to obtain an understanding of the fibre behaviour throughout the transport channel. The results of the photographic analysis had reasonably good agreement with the main theoretical findings of the model developed in Part L in respect of the trajectory of fibres within the transport channel of the air-laid web-forming process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical model has been developed which describes the movement of fibres along the teeth of the opening roller and their passage through the channel during the air-laid web-forming process. This model gives an insight into the general behaviour of fibres when the key process variables (such as air speed, cylinder speed, angle of teeth, and length of the teeth) are altered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the third part in our current series of research papers featuring structure-property relationships in natural cellulosic fibres focussing on flax fibre. The capacity of fibres to remove different types of oil from sea water and oil baths has been related to the chemical composition and surface properties of the fibres, together with the viscosity, specific gravity and temperature of the oils. The results indicate that, with higher viscosity oils, the oil sorption capacities of flax fibres were significantly higher than those of 100% polypropylene fibres. The cyclic sorption/desorption studies indicated that a simple squeezing operation was sufficient to remove most of the oil sorbed on the fires so that the sorbents can be recycled several times for oil spill clean-up. Individual bundles of fibres sorbed more oil than needle punched nonwoven fabrics. The results suggested that a total or partial substitution of commercial synthetic oil sorbents by natural sorbent materials could he beneficial in the oil spill clean-up operation by improving the efficiency of oil sorption and by incorporating other advantages such as biodegradability. It was concluded that flax fibre has very good potential for use in the clean-up and could compete with cotton fibre to share the market for natural fibres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study is reported of a commercial print-bonded non-woven fabric (Masslinn), with a combination of staple viscose and polyester fibres and incorporating latex as binder in printed bond spots. A combined experimental approach together with analytical modelling involving the use of the specific geometrical features of the fabric microstructures and their fibre connectivity indicates that fabric-bending flexibility requires; (a) as much freedom of relative fibre motion as possible and (b) an optimum binder application not greater than what is necessary to keep the tensile properties within the desired range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation on a non-woven fabric (Fibretex), made from continuous thermoplastic filaments that are bonded together by discrete thermal spot bonds arranged in a square lattice, is reported. A combined approach of experiments and modelling, based on the self-consistent model of composite continua, shows that fabric flexibility can be markedly improved when some simple rules are observed. Thus, in Fibretex, the optimum bending flexibility can be obtained for fibres of a given diameter by incorporating some crimp that gives them high effective axial extensibility and considerable freedom of relative fibre motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study is reported of a set of spunbonded non-woven fabrics (Cerex). made from continuous nylon fibres held together by uniformly dispersed junction bonds, for their bending responses in connexion with their fibre arrangement. The experimental study coupled with analytical modelling based on the observed morphology and involving the use of a self-consistent model developed for heterogeneous continua helped to clarify the mechanisms governing the bending stiffness of the fabrics. These self-bonded non-woven fabrics, requiring fibre segments to be strained in tension and compression when the fabric is bent, have quasi-continuum properties and hence possess relatively high bending stiffness. This demonstrates that relative fibre motion is essential to impart flexibility to a fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence on the hairiness of open-end-spun yarns of the opening-roller speed, the linear density of the feed sliver, and the cleaning device that in some instances is coupled to spinning heads is studied and discussed, together with the influence of yarn twist and linear density. Experiments are reported on polyester-fibre, cotton, and polyester-fibre-cotton blended-fibre yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the hairiness of rotor-spun yarns by means of the ITQT digital hairiness meter demonstrates the influence of the rotor geometry and other parameters on the hairiness of rotor-spun open-end-spun yarns from acrylic fibres. The rotor geometry influences yarn hairiness; the effect of twist is of little importance for man-made fibres, and the linear density of yarns influences the hairiness of rotor-spun yarns in a manner similar to that for ring-spun yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation of the effects of changing heating times during the draw-texturing of nylon 6.6 is reported. As the heating time was reduced, the values of the crimp rigidity of the yarns also decreased. From an analysis of these results, relative values of the rates of setting of partly oriented nylon 6.6 yarns can be evaluated and compared with those for fully drawn yarns. It is shown that a change from fully drawn to partly oriented nylon 6.6 yarn trebled these rates of setting as measured by crimp-rigidity values. The dyeing behaviour of the yarns was investigated, and a minimum value of reflectance was found for yarns having a heating time of about 0.2 sec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments are described in which the orientation and curl of fibre segments in some random, parallel, and cross-laid fabrics were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A technique for the measurement of these parameters that consists in the enlargement of the SEM photomicrographs to obtain traces of fibre paths is outlined. The distributions of measured values are presented in histograms or frequency polygons to provide a basis for a comparison between different structures. It is also shown that these distributions can be expressed in mathematical formulae that yield a more accurate representation, arc more suitable for comparison purposes, and also simplify the theoretical computations of the stress-strain behaviour of non-woven fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The breaking mechanism of two-ply nylon 6 continuous-filament yarn is investigated, and the breakage of the yarn under simple tensile-loading conditions is compared with that of a filament subjected to the same loading. The simplest types of model yarn were prepared for this purpose. These yarns were ruptured at a low rate of extension, and the fracture morphologies of the filaments ill the yarns were inspected by scanning electron microscopy. Two typical kinds of morphological feature are obtained in these yarns. In order lo understand the breaking mechanism of the yarn, the cause of these features is discussed on the basis of the breaking mechanism of a single filament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of the cellulose IV polymorph is generally associated with the production of high-performance rayons. The present paper reviews the structure and properties of cellulose IV, starting from the history of its origin, natural occurrence, and formation during various technological processes of rayon manufacture. Different methods of preparation of cellulose IV are outlined, and the influence of various factors (such as pre-treatments, temperature, immersion liquid, etc.) on the transformation of cellulose II into cellulose IV is examined. The relationship of cellulose IV to other polymorphic forms of cellulose is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation is reported in which nylon 6.6 fibres were fatigued while they were immersed in different liquid environments and the effect of the environment was studied. Hydrochloric acid was found to reduce the fatigue lives of nylon fibres considerably. A comparison of the effects of corrosive environments on tensile and fatigue properties shows that the effect on fatigue is much the more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental work in support of the commercial production of yams from modified viscose rayon fibre on open-end-spinning machinery is described. It is shown that two passages of drawing between carding and spinning give acceptable sliver preparation. The effects of combing-roller speed and wire-covering on yarn properties are investigated in detail. In addition, air-flow in the stripping slot and details of the feeding mechanism are described in terms of their effects on yarn parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thread interaction at the warp and weft crossing points of a tensioned fabric is an important aspect of the mechanical properties of the fabric. In this paper, a new approach to measuring changes in thread interaction at the crossing points due to fabric structure and yarn irregularity is discussed. This has been achieved by analyzing thread-pullout behavior from a plain-woven cotton fabric by using an autospectral-density function. It is demonstrated that the nature of the stick-slip motion of the dynamic frictional force of a pulled-out thread is periodic and depends on the fabric construction (warp and weft spacing). The thread-pullout test was also used (on the warp threads only) to investigate the effect of weft-yarn irregularity on the thread-pullout characteristics. It was observed that there is high correlation between warp-pullout force (static and dynamic), the intensity of thread interaction at the crossing points, the strength of fabric in the warp direction, and the weft-yarn irregularity. This new method is important for a quantitative study of the intensity-generating mechanism of thread interactions within the fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method was developed for measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of nylon (or other) fibers in mixtures of water and glycerol, so that the effect of the chemical activity of water on the a transition could be estimated. As might be expected, thea transition appeared to move to lower temperatures with increasing water in equilibrium with the fiber. The bath was an open system, i.e. some water evaporated while the rest was being run. To obtain dynamic mechanical responses for constant water/glycerol mixtures, the glycerol content of the bath was monitored at different temperatures in a time-scheduled test, and a polynomial interpolation scheme was implemented. The results were interpreted with a method which derives a mobile, non-crystalline fraction, X, and an internal viscosity, η, from tan δ and G, For a wide range of water fraction and temperature, η behaved like the viscosity of an Eyring liquid. Furthermore, over a wide range of temperature and water fraction, X was linear with mol fraction water in the bath, a parameter which to a first approximation would represent the chemical activity of the water. These results are discussed in the light of the dynamic-crystalline-gel concept of Hearle and Hearle and Greer and more recent work on thermovereversible gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that polyester fibres are able to absorb water more easily by making a grooved and/or a non-grooved hollow in a fibre. The effect of water absorbency becomes larger with an increase in the ratio of space to polymer in the fibre cross-section if the yarn and fabric structures are the same. The effect is especially large under high-humidity conditions. The retention of warmth by polyester-fibre fabrics is increased by making a grooved and/or non-grooved hollow in a fibre in dry conditions, but the effect is reversed in wet conditions. The thermal conductivity of polyester-fibre fabrics is reduced by making a grooved and/or a non-grooved hollow in a fibre, and the trend agrees well with the ratio of space to polymer in the fibre cross-section. The parameter q-max for polyester-fibre fabrics increases with relative humidity if the fabrics absorb water. However, the effect of the surface-contact area is more important for the measurement of q-max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the production of 3D fabrics for textile-based composite material applications, the conventional 2D weaving device is employed to produce interlaced 3D fabric comprising two sets of yarns, and non-interlaced 3D fabric constituting three sets of yarns. While the process of producing interlaced 3D fabric comprising two sets of yarns complies with the principle of 2D weaving, the process of producing non-interlaced 3D fabric constituting three sets of yarns cannot be described as the process of ‘true’ 3D weaving. This is because the conventional 2D weaving process is designed to bring about the interlacement of two orthogonal sets of yarns, and not three orthogonal sets of yarns. However, an available method well-characterizes the weaving process in bringing about interlacement of three orthogonal sets of yarns and hence qualifies to be regarded as the ‘true’ 3D weaving process. The process of producing non-interlaced 3D fabric constituting three orthogonal sets of yarns does not comply with the principle of weaving, although it is generally expressed as the 3D weaving process. This unspecified process has not until now received the due appreciation as evidenced by the absence of a specific term describing the process. Interestingly, the fabric obtained through this process is referred to as a non-interlaced or a nonwoven 3D fabric. Such a terminological discrepancy calls for the evolution of a new specific term. This paper is an attempt to find clear-cut operational features in order to distinguish between the three processes in question. The discussions, which are based on the relevant fundamentals, also evolves and proposes a new term for the non-interlaced 3D fabric-forming process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracrystalline as-spun fibres of low orientation were identified previously as suitable precursors for the production of drawn fibres of very high tenacity. This study is concerned with the effects of heat treatment, single-stage and two-stage drawing on the structure and properties of the resulting fibres. It is shown that a feasible route to continuous filament yarns of high tenacity requires that the orientation of paracrystalline fibres is first increased and only thereafter is the structure converted into the a-monoclinic form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seam pucker is an area which is now receiving particular attention especially with the development of microfibre fabrics which are inherently prone to deformations during garment manufacture. Although fabric properties can be related to seam pucker, the aesthetic judgement is still left to subjective assessment which is based upon ranking the stitched fabric samples by judges having compared them with photographic 'standards'. The shortcomings of this procedure are obvious; judges do not always agree, they need to be trained, the procedure is time consuming and non standardised. This paper reports upon the development of a new measuring procedure which is based on the use of a computer and a camera, ie computer 'vision'. This procedure is objective and is focused on the aesthetic property of the seam assembly, by 'modelling' the cognitive process involved in seam pucker assessment The results are organised in two parts: Part I reports on the development of a cognitive 'model' for the measurement of seam pucker and Part II on the model implementation using the computer 'vision' system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports upon the development of a new measuring procedure for seam pucker which is based on computer 'vision'. The procedure is objective and is focused on the aesthetic property of the seam assembly. The results are presented in two parts; Part I reported on the development of a cognitive model for the measurement of seam pucker and Part II, described here, explains the model's implementation by using the computer 'vision' system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using different spinning systems, the experimental core-spun yarns are made from the same fiber material under the same yarn conditions, namely, yarn count, twist factor, and fiber composition. The shape factor is adopted to evaluate the core eccentricity expressed as the position of the continuous-filament core yarn in the cross section of the core-spun yarn. The bispectrum is applied to consider the yarn irregularity in spectral analysis. The characteristic-appearance of the throstle-spun yarn is discussed and compared with that of the ring-spun yarn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview of a new dyeing process for dyeing synthetic fibres and fabrics is presented. The use of disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide as dyeing medium completely avoids water pollution and the need of drying. Laboratory results which show that excellent levelness and fastness can be achieved on poly- (ethylene terephthalate) and other synthetic materials are presented. The technical development is described and other potential uses of supercritical fluids in the textile field are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of finishes and laundering on the liquid flow in cotton and polyester-fiber fabrics is investigated. The liquid flow can be categorized into vertical wicking and demand wettability. Since the liquid flow in fibrous materials is affected by the pore size, based on the Washburn equation, the effect of fabric pore size and pore-size distribution was also studied. The presence of the three different finishes (durable-press, stain-repellent, and antistatic) and laundering changed the vertical-wicking and demand-wettability phenomena owing to changes in the surface energy of fibers and/or changes in pore characteristics. However, the results from vertical wicking and demand wettability did not always agree. The vertical-wicking test was more sensitive to finishing treatments and responded in a more predictable way. In general, changes in liquid flow in finished fabrics can be predicted from the surface energy of the fiber in the fabrics and the pore size and pore-size distribution in the fabrics, as expressed by the Washburn equation. To assess the relationship between liquid flow in fabrics and the surface properties of fibers quantitatively, however, it is necessary to have specific information on the number of pores in a fabric, in addition to the data on the pore-size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of finishes and laundering on the surface characteristics of cotton and polyester fibers are evaluated in this investigation. Changes in the surface properties of the fibers are monitored through contact-angle determinations (the Wilhelmy technique) before and after treatment of the fabrics with durable-press, fluorocarbon stain-repellent, and antistatic finishes. The durable-press and stain-repellent finishes did not produce a noticeable change in the wettability of the cotton fibers. However, the wettability of the polyester fibers was increased, and the polar contribution to the surface h%e energy increased after treatment with stain-repellent finishes. Treatment of cotton with cationic surfactants as antistatic finishes converted the surface to a hydrophobic character. A reverse phenomenon was observed on the surface of polyester fibers after treatment with antistatic finishes. The different effects of the surfactant treatments were attributed to different deposition patterns of the surfactant molecules at the fiber surfaces. Laundering was found to increase the wettability of unfinished cotton and polyester fibers, presumably owing to surface roughening from mechanical agitation and the removal of oil-borne contaminants. The effect of laundering on the finished fibers was dependent on the retention of the finishes on the fabrics in the laundering process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the effects of different fibre cross-sectional shapes on fabric mechanical properties and handle, polyester 'Shingosen' fabrics of different fibre cross-sections were investigated using the KES-FB system. The results were discussed by comparing them with typical women's fine dress fabrics and the following conclusions were obtained. Polyester fabric becomes soft and deformable with an increase in the space ratio in the fibre cross-section, however, it does become inelastic and unrecoverable. FUKURAMI (fullness and softness) and SHINAYAKASA (flexibility with a soft feel) of polyester fabrics is greater with higher space ratios, but, KOSHI (stiffness) and HARI (and-drape stiffness), however, is lowered. Fabric bending rigidity is in proportion to fibre bending rigidity if all other conditions such as yarn density, count and finishing conditions remain the same. However, in general, the fabric mechanical properties and handle are controlled by the fibre assembly structure rather than fibre cross-sectional shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spunbonded nonwoven fabrics are extensively used in a number of technical applications because of their physical, tensile, and hydraulic characteristics. In many cases, fabric is subjected to normal compressive loads, and the physical, tensile, and hydraulic properties change with these loads depending on the compressional behaviour of the fabric. It is important to characterise the compressional behaviour of fabrics before their effective use in these applications. Two parameters, α and β, describing compression and recovery curves of different types of spunbonded fabrics have been evaluated. A comparative study on the compressional behaviour of different types of spun bonded-fabric structure is reported. The compressibility of spunbonded beat-sealed fabrics has been found to be much lower and their compressional resilience much higher than the compressibility and compressional resilience of needle-punched spunbonded fabrics. The compressibility of surface-calendered needle-punched spunbonded fabrics is lower than that of untreated needle-punched fabrics while their compressional resilience is higher than that of needle-punched spunbonded fabrics. However, the values of both compressibility and compressional resilience of surface-calendered needle-punched spunbonded fabrics are much closer to those of needle-punched spunbonded fabrics than those of beat-sealed spunbonded fabrics. The effect of fibre linear density on compressional behaviour for different types of spunbonded nonwoven structures has also been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]