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The thermal decomposition behaviors of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′- diolate (TKX-50) were studied by using a C-500 type Calvet microcalorimeter at five heating rates. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the first decomposition reaction were obtained. The specific heat capacity of TKX-50 was determined with a Micro-DSCIII calorimeter, and the specific heat capacity equation and the molar specific heat capacity at 298.15 K were also obtained. The self-accelerating decomposition temperature and the critical temperature of thermal explosion are 466.17 and 475.36 K, respectively. The adiabatic time-to-explosion is calculated to be a certain value between 112.65 and 113.93 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal decomposition behaviors of 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazaisowutrzitane (TEX) were studied by using a C-500 type Calvet microcalorimeter at five heating rates. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of exothermic decomposition reaction were obtained. The specific heat capacity of TEX was determined with a Micro-DSC III calorimeter, the specific heat capacity equation and the molar specific heat capacity were also obtained. The self-accelerating decomposition temperature, adiabatic decomposition temperature rise, and critical temperature of thermal explosion are 512.69, 7115.59, and 527.42 K, respectively. The adiabatic time-to-explosion is calculated to be a certain value between 53.69 and 54.05 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal decomposition behaviors of 1,2,3-triazole nitrate were studied using a Calvet Microcalorimeter at four different heating rates. Its apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor of exothermic decomposition reaction are 133.77 kJ mol and 10 s, respectively. The critical temperature of thermal explosion is 374.97 K. The entropy of activation (Δ S), the enthalpy of activation (Δ H), and the free energy of activation (Δ G) of the decomposition reaction are 23.88 J mol K, 130.62 kJ mol, and 121.55 kJ mol, respectively. The self-accelerating decomposition temperature ( T) is 368.65 K. The specific heat capacity was determined by a Micro-DSC method and a theoretical calculation method. Specific heat capacity equation is $$ C_{\text{p}} \left( {{\text{J mol}}^{ - 1} {\text{ K}}^{ - 1} } \right) = - 42.6218 + 0.6807T $$ (283.1 K < T < 353.2 K). The adiabatic time-to-explosion is calculated to be a certain value between 98.82 and 100.00 s. The critical temperature of hot-spot initiation is 637.14 K, and the characteristic drop height of impact sensitivity ( H) is 9.16 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal decomposition behavior of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide was measured using a C-500 type Calvet microcalorimeter at four different temperatures under atmospheric pressure. The apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the exothermic decomposition reaction are 165.57 kJ mol and 10s, respectively. The critical temperature of thermal explosion is 431.71 K. The entropy of activation (Δ S), enthalpy of activation (Δ H), and free energy of activation (Δ G) are 97.19 J molK, 161.90 kJ mol, and 118.98 kJ mol, respectively. The self-accelerating decomposition temperature ( T) is 422.28 K. The specific heat capacity of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide was determined with a micro-DSC method and a theoretical calculation method. Specific heat capacity (J gK) equation is C = 0.252 + 3.131 × 10 T (283.1 K < T < 353.2 K). The molar heat capacity of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide is 264.52 J mol K at 298.15 K. The adiabatic time-to-explosion of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide is calculated to be a certain value between 123.36 and 128.56 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal decomposition behaviors of 1,3-di (azido-acetoxy)-2-methyl-2-nitropropane (DAMNP) under pressures of 0.1 MPa and 3.0 MPa were investigated by DSC techniques. The results showed that with the increase in pressure, the decomposition heat increased significantly, while the peak temperature increased slightly. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of exothermic decomposition reaction were obtained, and the iso-kinetic point was found as 192.0 °C. Using the thermal decomposition parameters, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature and the critical temperature of thermal explosion were calculated to be 190.10 °C and 202.58 °C, respectively. The specific heat capacity of DAMNP was studied with micro-DSC method, and the molar heat capacity was found to be 531.98 J mol−1 K−1. The adiabatic time-to-explosion was calculated to be 75.67 s. The combustion heat of DAMNP was determined with an oxygen bomb calorimeter, and the standard molar enthalpy of formation was calculated to be − 189.46 kJ mol−1. These results are important in evaluating the thermal stability and application prospects of DAMNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal behaviors of bis(aminofurazano)furazan (BAFF) and bis(nitrofurazano)furazan (BNFF) were studied by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method with a special hermetic high-pressure crucible and compared to that with a common standard Al crucible. The exothermic decomposition processes of the two compounds were completely revealed. The extrapolated onset temperature, peak temperature and enthalpy of exothermic decomposition at the heating rate of 10 °C min−1 are 290.2, 313.4 °C and − 2174 J g−1 for BAFF, and 265.8, 305.0 °C and − 2351 J g−1 for BNFF, respectively. The apparent activation energies of the decomposition process for the two compounds are 115.7 and 131.7 kJ mol−1, respectively. The self-accelerating decomposition temperatures and critical temperatures of thermal explosion are 247.5 and 368.7 °C for BAFF, and 249.6 and 268.1 °C for BAFF, respectively. Both BAFF and BNFF present high thermal stability. The specific heat capacities for the two compounds were determined with the micro-DSC method, and the specific heat capacities and molar heat capacities at 298.15 K are 1.0921 J g−1 K−1 and 257.9 J mol−1 K−1 for BAFF, and 1.0419 J g−1 K−1 and 308.5 J mol−1 K−1 for BNFF, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new nitrogen-rich energetic material, hydrazinium 3,5-dinitroamino-1,2,4-triazole (HDNAT), was synthesized. Thermal behavior and non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of HDNAT were studied with DSC and TG/DTG methods. The non-isothermal decomposition kinetic equation is $$\frac{{{\text{d}}\alpha }}{{{\text{d}}T}} = \frac{{10^{19.37} }}{\beta }6(1 - \alpha )^{{{2 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {2 3}} \right. \kern-0pt} 3}}} [1 - (1 - \alpha )^{{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 3}} \right. \kern-0pt} 3}}} ]^{{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-0pt} 2}}} \exp ( - 188.6 \times 10^{3} /RT)$$ . Self-accelerating decomposition temperature and critical temperature of thermal explosion of HDNAT are 168.1 and 178.1 °C, respectively. Specific heat capacity of HDNAT was determined with a micro-DSC method and the molar heat capacity is 258.96 J mol K at 298.15 K. Adiabatic time-to-explosion of HDNAT is about 100 s. The impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, detonation velocity and detonation pressure of HDNAT are >13.1 J, 84 %, 9.0 km s and 36.0 GPa, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new energetic zinc-FOX-7 complex, Zn(NH)(FOX-7) (FOX-7 = 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene), was first synthesized. Thermal decomposition behavior and nonisothermal decomposition kinetics of Zn(NH)(FOX-7) were studied with DSC and TG/DTG methods. The kinetic equation obtained is $$ \frac{{{\text{d}}\alpha }}{{{\text{d}}T}} = \frac{{10^{13.99} }}{\beta }4(1 - \alpha )[ - \ln (1 - \alpha )]^{{{3 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {3 4}} \right. \kern-0pt} 4}}} \exp ( - 1.448 \times 10^{5} /RT) $$ . The self-accelerating decomposition temperature ( T) and critical temperature of thermal explosion ( T) are 183.2 and 195.8 °C, respectively. The specific-heat capacity of Zn(NH)(FOX-7) was determined with a micro-DSC method, and the molar-heat capacity is 454.6 J mol K at 298.15 K. Adiabatic time-to-explosion was also estimated to be about 20 s. The thermal stability of Zn(NH)(FOX-7) is good and higher than that of analogous Cu(NH)(FOX-7). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]