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China's steel output has maintained rapid growth over the past twenty years. Due to this, a large number of iron ore ports/terminals have been built along the Yangtze River, and the Yangtze River bulk port system has experienced a unique development in its structure. This paper aims to understand the evolution of this bulk port system. 1 1 In this paper, bulk cargo mainly refers to iron ore bulk cargo. along the Yangtze River. To achieve this objective, first the development phases of the Yangtze River bulk port system are reviewed, taking the theoretical (container) port evolution model as a benchmark. Then several hypotheses addressing certain features of bulk port system development are proposed, followed by using panel data analysis to test these hypotheses. Based on this discussion and analysis, the major driving forces that are reshaping bulk port development along the Yangtze River are then summarized. It is found that evolution of the Yangtze River bulk port system in general follows the port development models in previous literature. However, the trend toward regionalization and an offshore hub have not appeared. Besides this, iron ore transshipment is moving outward both for sea ports and river ports, and few iron ore transshipment gateway hubs are occurring. Furthermore, the transshipment function of a bulk port plays a significant role in port traffic changes, but this role is affecting sea ports differently to river ports. The container throughput of transshipment sea ports has a significant negative effect on bulk traffic, whereas that of transshipment river ports has a positive effect. Geographical conditions, institutional factors and national policy, industry agglomeration, changes in market supply and demand, and technology updates are major factors driving changes to the port system structure. These factors are observed to function either individually or collectively at different development stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the background of provincial port integration in China, provincial port groups have become critical market players in the port industry. It has become necessary to review the evolution of the port system in Chinese coastal regions from a provincial perspective. This paper investigates the evolution of the Chinese port system by treating eleven coastal provinces as the units of analysis. The port system is categorized into four segments according to cargo type, namely, containers, solid bulk cargo, general cargo and liquid bulk cargo. Multiple methods are applied to study the port system from the perspectives of market shares, cargo concentrations, the port hierarchy and port specialization. The findings suggest that no province holds a leading market position in all cargo sectors, and interprovincial port competition remains intense. The degree of specialization in the provincial port systems is generally moderate, though Hebei Province is an exception with a high level of port specialization due to its special geographical location. This paper also elaborates on several policy implications for provincial port groups. • Treat the provinces as the units of analysis. • Multiple methods are applied to study the port system from various angles. • Interprovincial port competition remains intense in China. • Degree of specialization in the provincial port systems is moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]