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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Several epidemiologic reports using large cohorts suggest that tobacco smoking may be associated with prostate cancer (PC). Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) may play an important role in the initiation of various cancers including PC. However, the mechanisms of overexpression of CYP1A1 and smoking in PC have never been investigated. We assessed whether impaired regulation of CYP1A1 through DNA hypomethylation could be involved in smoking and contribute to the pathogenesis of PC. METHODS: We studied 3 PC cell lines, 69 benign hyperplasia (BPH) and 176 PC samples, using methylation-specific PCR analysis to focus on 3 regions of the CYP1A1 enhancer carrying a xenobiotic responsive element (XRE). In addition, we depleted the gene in LNCaP and DU145 by siRNA to validate its biological role in tumorigenesis. RESULTS: In all PC cell lines, CYP1A1 expression was enhanced after 5-aza-2-deoxycitidine treatment and bisulfite DNA sequencing confirmed hypermethylation at the CYP1A1 enhancer, indicating DNA promoter CpG methylation as a regulator of CYP1A1 expression. The level of methylation of CYP1A1 enhancer was significantly lower in PC as compared to BPH samples at all three enhancer sites (P

expression profiles for miR-10a and 10b in the nephrectomy and RMB specimens, binary logistic regression models were created for differentiation between local and aggressive disease. From the biopsy samples, the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity of this model were 0.818, 63.6, and 76.9, respectively. Decreased cancer specific survival was shown for patients with lower levels of miR-10b at 5 years follow up. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a panel of 7 miRNA whose expression profiles are statistically different between local and aggressive ccRCC. This is the first study to stratify patients with ccRCC using biopsy tissue alone. The future utility of RMB may be in stratification and prognosis in addition to its current primary use of histologic diagnosis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Efficacy in the prostate cancer detection of real-time tissue elastogarpahy (RTE) has been reported. But RTE has a major problem that RTE is highly operator dependent procedure. We hypothesized that the pressure device might decrease the operator dependency and increase the prostate cancer detection rate of RTE. The pressure device run with water pressure was developed for this study, called this procedure real-time balloon inflation elastography (RBIE). The results of targeted prostate biopsy with RBIE was studied for detection of prostate cancer. METHODS: 233 patients and 1978 were enrolled in this study with abnormal findings of digital rectal examination (DRE), PSA and/ or TRUS. Median age was 73 year-old (range 54e89), median PSA was 7.6 ng/mL (range 0.8-2606.0), and median number of biopsy cores taken on each patient was 8 (range 8e10). All of 233 patients were examined with MRI prior to prostate needle biopsy. A total of 1978 specimens obtained by systemic biopsy were studied. The findings of RBIE, RTE, TRUS, PDUS and MRI (T2WI, dynamic contrast enhanced images (DCEI) and diffusion weighted image (DWI)) were compared to the histopathological findings of biopsy specimens. RESULTS: The prostate cancer was detected in 113 of 233 patients (48.5%), and 412 of 1978 specimens (20.8%). Gleason score of 5 to 6, 7 and 8 to 10 tumors was 110, 166 and 138 specimens respectively. Clinical stages of T1c, T2a-c, T3a-b, and T4 were 20, 60, 22 and 11 cases. The sensitivity of RBIE, RTE, TRUS, PDUS, T2WI, DCEI and DWI were 72.1%, 72.1%, 74.5%, 72.8%, 78.2%, 77.2% and 77.2%, the specificity were 94.3%, 93.6%, 85.4% 90.5%, 92.0%, 93.7% and 92.6%, respectively. Both of the sensitivity and the specificity of RBIE were not significantly inferior to those of MRI. The results of targeted biopsy (PPV) of RBIE, RTE, TRUS, PDUS, T2WI, DCEI and DWI were 76.7%, 74.8%, 57.4%, 67.0%, 72.0%, 76.4% and 73.3%. PPV of RBIE was also comparable to those of MRI. CONCLUSIONS: RBIE was low cost and low invasive procedure. The prostate cancer detection capability of RBIE might be not inferior to that of MRI, expensive and time consuming procedure. Furthermore, RBIE reveals prostate in real-time, so RBIE could enhance the prostate cancer detection as a biopsy guidance image.

protein (BMP)-2, a member of the transforming growth factor b superfamily, has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor in several cancers by activating signaling cascades that cause cell cycle arrest. In addition, the expression level of BMP-2 is downregulated because of promoter CpG hypermethylation. We hypothesized that impaired regulation of BMP-2 through epigenetic pathways is associated with the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma. METHODS: To test this hypothesis, CpG methylation of the BMP-2 gene was analyzed in 3 renal tumor cell lines and 96 renal tumor and matched normal renal tissue. Promoter CpG methylation was analyzed by methylation specific PCR using bisulfite-modified DNA as template. BMP-2 expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: BMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly enhanced after 5-aza-2€ treatment in renal tumor cell lines. The prevalence of BMP-2 promoter methylation was significantly higher and BMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly lower in renal tumor samples than in normal kidney samples (p

statistically equivalent improvements in IPSS and PVR postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Men with an elevated BMI had significantly less improvement in Qmax following laser prostatectomy than men with normal BMI. However, BMI had no influence on improvement in IPSS or PVR. This data may assist urologists when counseling overweight men regarding their expectations of symptom relief following laser prostatectomy.