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Current business practices are no longer relevant in the VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity) environment. VUCA reflects the speed of change, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity in the business world. Companies need to be agile to adapt to the prevailing VUCA situations. This study aims to provide an understanding of business agility from the perspective of stakeholder needs through a model. The method used is a focus group discussion involving the relevant stakeholders, with a case study conducted in an integrated chicken meat company. The results of the study reveal that an agile ecosystem stakeholder network model consists of seven stakeholder elements: academia, business, community, government, media, financial institutions, and customers as the core element of the model. The "customer" stakeholder element is the most crucial, while the other stakeholder elements influence each other in their actions, with their ultimate goal of meeting customer needs. By placing the customer element at the core of the model, the business environment can be aligned and better outcomes can be achieved. The recommendation derived from this study is the explicit formulation of company strategies in achieving business agility.

The tofu industry, especially small industries, still has a low awareness of the environmental impacts caused by the production process. Reduction of environmental impact and production efficiency in tofu industry activities can be solved by applying cleaner production. This study aims to examine the applications of cleaner production in tofu processing SMEs in Indonesia. The method used is an exploratory approach to review the contents of several articles from national and international journals. Reviews on articles can be in the form of identification of the tofu processing, problems, CP reccomendations, results of technical, financial and environmental analysis and the priorities for cleaner production. CP opportunities that can be recommended for tofu processing SMEs in Indonesia are 1) The washing process in stages, 2) Making water recycling installations, 3) Making additional funnels on the milling machine, 4) Making energy-saving stoves, 5) Substitution of firewood with coconut shells, 6) Utilization of tofu dregs for animal feed, 7) Making Nata de Soya from whey, 8) Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) application.

PT YZ is a palm oil industry that has a processing capacity of 60 tons of FFB/hour with its main products in the form of Palm Oil (CPO) and Kernel. The palm oil industry in addition to producing the main product in the form of CPO, also produces a large amount of waste. The waste consists of solid waste, liquid waste and gas waste. The purpose of this research is to identify the flow of materials, products, and non-products in the production process of the palm oil processing industry and waste treatment processes, identify cleaner production alternatives that can be applied to the palm oil industry and determine the priority scale of cleaner production opportunities in the palm oil processing industry. The methods used include literature study, observation, mass balance analysis, technical feasibility analysis, economics (B/C and PBP), environmental, and Exponential Comparison Method (MPE). PT YZ has handled it by reusing the waste formed as boiler fuel (solid waste) and land application (treated liquid waste), but there were still waste and loss problems. The strategy for implementing cleaner production that technically, economically and environmentally feasible were 1) Modification of the process by adding a reservoir for condensate water and oil, with B/C value = 2.5 and PBP = 0.50 years, 2) Application of good housekeeping by reducing dirt on fruit with GMP (good manufacturing practice) training, with B/C value = 1.61 and PBP = 1.63 years, 3) Application of good housekeeping by controlling or supervising the use of water by adding a water meter in each unit of process and repair of leaking pipes, with B/C value = 2.16 and PBP = 4.31 years and 4) The application of good housekeeping by reducing oil spills in the digester by repairing leaks in the digester tank and pipe, with B/C value = 1.48 and PBP 6.30 years. Based on the score obtained, it shows that the implementation of good housekeeping by reducing oil spills in the digester is the main priority.

Waste minimisation in paper industry activities can be done by applying cleaner production methods. The objective of this research was to study of opportunity of cleaner production implementation in sack kraft industry. These stages of research were identification of process stages, identification of problems, identification of cleaner production opportunities, feasibility analysis of technical, environmental and financial aspects, and election priority cleaner production opportunities with Exponential Comparison Method (ECM). The processes of the sack kraft production included stock preparation, sheet formation, pressing section, drying section, scrolling and cutting. These Sack Kraft Industry used 110 tonnes of cardboard afval and produced 90.742 tonnes of sack kraft, 3.65 tonnes failed paper, 2.443 tonnes scattered paper, 4.915 tonnes defected paper and 8.25 tonnes solid waste in the form of plastic and metal. The problems often had been occured were downtime machine, broken machine, solid waste production, failed paper, scattered paper, and defected paper. Recommendation of cleaner production opportunities were making pellets from solid waste as fuel substitution (PBP 0.1 years and B/C 8.31), application of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for machine maintenance (PBP 3.9 years and B/C 1.3), Good manufacturing practice training (PBP 0.63 years and B/C 2.58). The priority order of cleaner production using ECM was application of SOP for machine maintenance, GMP training, and making pellets as fuel substitution.

Charcoal is a coconut derivative product produced from burning coconut shells. In this study, coconut shell charcoal was obtained from the by-product of copra processing. The processing of coconut shell charcoal produces emissions that pollute the environment, which are greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions equivalent to CO2-eq. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method that can assess the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle. Net energy calculation was carried out to determine the energy efficiency of charcoal production in the form of net energy value (NEV) and net energy ratio (NER). The LCA studied was gate-to-gate, namely from coconut shell transportation to processing into charcoal with emission function units per 1 kg of coconut shell charcoal product. The study was conducted at CV X, located in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. The calculation results show that the raw material transportation stage produced 0.0626 kg CO2-eq/kg charcoal, while the pyrolysis stage produced 0.212 kg CO2-eq/kg charcoal. Energy efficiency analysis showed NEV 9,398.66 MJ and NER 1.09. Recommendations for improvement that can be given are to produce charcoal in one place with a copra factory and produce liquid smoke from the combustion of charcoal. Charcoal production in one factory with a copra factory could reduce the GHG impact by 48%, increase NEV to 12,823.19 MJ, and increase NER to 1.13. Utilization of smoke into liquid smoke increased NEV and NEV to 107,715.75 MJ and 2.03. Combining the two scenarios increased NEV and NER to 211,856.62 MJ and 2.10.

Leather is a product obtained from the conversion process of raw skin/hide into leather. The process generate a number of wastes with a high pollutant content, especially waste water. The waste contributes to the formation of carbon emission. Awareness on environmental sustainability also requires the industry to improve its production system to make it more eco-friendly. Improvements will increase production and the industry reputation. Before making improvements to the production system, it is necessary to carry out an analysis related to the carbon emissions produced in producing a product. The objectives of this study were to calculate carbon emission (carbon footprint) that generates in the leather tannery process and to give alternative strategy for the environmental improvement. The research used primary data and secondary data. This research was carried out with the processes identification, carbon emission sources identification, an analysis of the carbon emission potential amount, and a study of strategies to minimize carbon formation in the tannery. The results of the analysis showed that electricity and wastewater were sources of carbon in the production process of leather. The total of carbon emission formed in the leather tanning process was 1,692.17 kg CO2 eq per batch, where wastewater contributed more than electricity. Further analysis showed that 1 m2 of leather produced 8.08 kg CO2 eq of carbon. The strategies that can be taken to reduce carbon emissions are engineering processes, material substitution, and using eco-friendly materials.

Kinerja KarbonAktif dari Kulit Singkong............180Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian 30 (2): 180-189KINERJA KARBONAKTIF DARI KULIT SINGKONG DALAM MENURUNKAN KONSENTRASI FOSFAT PADA AIR LIMBAH LAUNDRY PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVATEDCARBONFROM CASSAVA PEEL IN REDUCING PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION IN LAUNDRY LIQUID WASTEIllah Sailah*, Fitri Mulyaningsih, Andes Ismayana, Tyara Puspaningrum, Anis Annisa Adnan, Nastiti Siswi IndrastiDepartemenTeknologi Industri Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian BogorKampus IPB Darmaga PO Box 220, Bogor 16002E-mail: illahsailah@apps.ipb.ac.id, Makalah: Diterima 1Juni2020; Diperbaiki 30 Juli2020; Disetujui 10 Agustus2020ABSTRACTCassava peelhas high carboncontent.It becomes potential as an adsorbent in adsorbing laundry phosphate compounds. Utilization of cassava peel into activated charcoal is an effort to reduce waste from the cassava processing industries. This study usedtwo types of activated carbonfrom cassava peel, i.e. acid activated charcoal usingHCl 0.4 M and alkaline activated charcoal using KOH 0.4 M. The objectives of this research were to determine: (1) the optimum contact time of adsorption at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min treatment time; (2) the optimum pH value of adsorption at pH 4, 6, 8, and 10; and (3) the adsorption capacity using adsorbent concentration treatmentof 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% (w/v). The experimental design used was a Single Factor Randomized Block Trial Design, ANOVA-DNMRT statistical analysis, and linear graphic fordescriptiveanalysis. The analysis of the activated charcoal showed that water contentsof the acid activated charcoal and the alkaline activated charcoal were3.49% and2.89%, respectively; the ash contentswere 6.78% and 9.03%, respectively. The water content andash content meet the standard of SNI 06-3730-1995. The performance test showed that the optimum contact time and pH of acid activated charcoal were 30 min and pH 4, while the alkaline activated charcoal was 90 min and pH 6. The adsorption capacity of acidactive charcoal was 0.26 mg/g and the adsorption capacity of alkaline active charcoal was 0.49 mg/g. Activated carbon from the cassava skin can be used as an adsorbent to reduce phosphate concentrations in laundry waste.

Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) merupakan limbah hasil pemucatan minyak yang mengandung 20-40% minyak sehingga perlu dilakukan pemulihan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh rasio bahan/pelarut terhadap rendemen dan mutu minyak serta mendapatkan perlakuan terbaik dalam proses ekstraksi minyak dari SBE. SBE yang digunakan berasal dari proses pemucatan crude palm oil (CPO) (bahan A) dan SBE dari proses pemucatan refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RDPO) yang telah disimpan selama tiga bulan (bahan B). Proses ekstraksi menggunakan metode refluks dengan pelarut heksan teknis selama 3 jam. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktor tunggal dengan perlakuan rasio bahan SBE/pelarut (1:4, 1:6, 1:8) (b/v). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karakteristik sampel A memiliki kadar minyak 17,17%, kadar abu 31,27%, kadar volatil 33,49%, pH 3,21, dan kadar air 0,72%. Sampel B memiliki kadar minyak 38,28%, kadar abu 48,33%, kadar volatil 47,33%, pH 7,75, dan kadar air 1,00%. Rasio antara bahan sampel A terhadap volume pelarut mempengaruhi rendemen dan densitas minyak, sedangkan rasio antara bahan sampel B terhadap volume pelarut hanya mempengaruhi densitas minyak. Perlakuan terbaik untuk rasio bahan terhadap volume pelarut sampel A adalah 1:8 dengan menghasilkan rendemen minyak tertinggi 88,31%. Minyak yang dihasilkan memiliki bilangan asam 84,44 mg KOH/g, densitas 0,89 g/cm3, viskositas 4,91 cSt, dan bilangan iod 48,07 g iod/100 g. Rasio bahan terhadap volume pelarut terbaik untuk sampel B sebesar 1:8 dengan rendemen minyak tertinggi yaitu 75%. Minyak yang dihasilkan memiliki bilangan asam 2,77 mg KOH/g, densitas 0,87 g/cm3, viskositas 4,36 cSt, dan bilangan iod 40,61 g iod/100 g.

The development of the fishery industry not only provides advantages, but has a significant impact on the environment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be used to identify positive and negative environmental impacts of a process or product, find opportunities for processing and product development, comparing and analyzing the impact of the environment caused and calculat the environmental impacts resulting from a quantitative product. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) according to the ISO 14040 consists of four stages, namely the determination of the goals and scope, inventory analysis, impact analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this literature study was to identify and quantify the potential pollution and environmental impact caused by the production process in the fishery industry. Fishery products studied were fish fillets and canned fish products. The potential environmental impacts of processing of fishery industry cover greenhouse gas (GHG), acidification, and eutrophication. The description of the environmental impact analysis in the fishery processing industry was explained in this work. The literature data indicates that the impact of GHG is caused by CO2, the impact of acidification is generated by SO2, and the effects of eutrophication are generated by PO4 3-. Recommendations for improvements are replacing energy sources and fuels.

Gracilaria sp is one type of red algae seaweed that has been developed in Indonesia. Gracilaria sp is used as raw material for agar flour. Currently, agar flour is widely used to meet the needs of both food and nonfood industries. Therefore, agar flour must be developed to obtain the best quality, adequate quantity, and ecofriendly. This study aimed to identify the inputs, outputs, and environmental impacts of the agar flour product's life cycle, determine the source of the impact (hotspot), and recommend improvement scenarios. The method used to analyze the environmental impact caused by a product was life cycle assessment (LCA). The scope of the LCA study was cradle to gate, namely cultivation of Gracilaria sp, transportation of raw material to industry, and production process in the industry. The environmental impact study was global warming with CO2eq unit, acidification with SO2eq unit, and eutrophication with PO4eq unit. Based on the research, the impacts of global warming, acidification, and eutrophication on the life cycle of agar flour were 26.28 kg-CO2eq/kg agar flour, 0.18 kg-SO2eq/kg agar flour, and 0.03 kg-PO4eq/kg, respectively. The production process unit was hotspot for the impact of global warming, acidification, and eutrophication on the life cycle of agar flour. The improvement scenarios to reduce the environmental impacts included replacing urea with NPK fertilizer, finding suppliers of raw materials closer to the industry, and replacing coal with Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

In the last 10 years, the research about the technology of bionanocomposite synthesis has increased rapidly, starting from the simple technology to advanced technology of synthesis. From the several technologies of synthesis of bionanocomposite that have been developed, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the selection of the right technology of synthesis of bionanocomposite is one of the indicators of success in its synthesis. This review identified the latest developments in technology of synthesis of bionanocomposite and focuses on methods of synthesis of bionanocomposite was most widely used and a technology that has advantages over other technologies. It is hoped that this review can provide information about methods of synthesis of bionanocomposite in general and specifically can provide information about methods of synthesis of bionanocomposite reinforced with mono-diacylglycerol (M-DAG) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). Based on the identification from several result of research, potential method to synthesis of bionanocomposite are combination of two methods, namely twin-screw extrusion method and injection molding method. Those technologies can be an alternative potential methods of synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposite reinforced with M-DAG and CNC.

Chicken meat agroindustry is one of the industries that produce unmeasured and unmonitored environmental impacts. These problems are a challenge for the industry to analyze how to measure and monitor environmental impacts. So, it is necessary to create a system that can measure and monitor environmental impacts through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The development of system design based on the Digital Business Ecosystem (DBE) can facilitate interaction between the stakeholders involved. This study aimed to analyse system components, system modeling, and develop an LCA system design of chicken meat. The system design model was built by UML (Unified Modeling Language). The system design was developed using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method to predict the impact of greenhouse gas emissions and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to determine the most significant contributor. The study's results showed that this system produceed a model that can predict the impact of greenhouse gas emissions by 96.22 % of the actual value, and feed was the most significant contributor. Recommendations for reducing greenhouse gas emissions were increasing feed efficiency, installing an inverter on an ammonia compressor, using environmentally friendly fuels, and utilizing litter and manure as organic fertilizer accompanied by better manure storage management.

Nanosilika dari abu ketel industri gula tebu dapat digunakan sebagai pengisi untuk komposit polimer PSF-sPEEK untuk menjadi membran alternatif pada DMFC yang selama ini menggunakan membran elektrolit Politetrafloroetilena (PTFE). Membran PTFE tersebut memiliki harga tinggi, methanol crossover tinggi, stabilitas rendah pada suhu tinggi, dan konduktivitas rendah pada kelembaban rendah atau suhu tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh dari komposisi perbandingan polisulfon (PSF)-polietereterketon tersulfonasi (sPEEK) dan perbandingan campuran polimer tersebut dengan penambahan nanosilika terhadap kinerja membran. Penelitan ini dilakukan melalui sintesis nanosilika dari abu ketel dengan metode ektraksi basa dan proses presipitasi, serta penambahan nanosilika tersebut terhadap komposit PSF-sPEEK untuk membentuk membran elektrolit melalui metode inversi fasa. Komposisi perbandingan PSF-sPEEK yaitu 1:9; 1:12; 1:15 sedangkan penambahan nanosilika yaitu sebanyak 1%, 3% dan 5%. Nanosilika yang dihasilkan memiliki ukuran partikel 330 nm, PDI (polydispersity index) 0.3, ukuran kristal 47,49 nm, dan derajat kristalinitas 64%. Uji ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa penambahan nanosilika dan komposisi PSF-sPEEK berpengaruh nyata terhadap kinerja membran. Membran dengan komposisi 1:12 dengan penambahan nanosilika 3% memiliki kinerja lebih baik dibandingkan membran yang lainnya dengan nilai daya serap air, daya serap methanol, kapasitas penukar ion dan konduktivitas ionic berturut-turut 27,21%, 25,62%, 2,56 meq/g, dan 66,28x10-6 S/cm.

Boiler ash from sugar industry contains silica compounds which could be synthesized into nanosilica by ultrasonication method. The addition of surfactants in this synthesis method can affect the characteristics of nanosilica. This study aims to synthesize nanosilica with ultrasonication method and determine the effect of surfactants on characteristics of nanosilica generated. This research was divided into three stages: (1) boiler ash preparation to furnace ash, (2) silica extraction from furnace ash, and (3) synthesis of nanosilica using ultrasonication method with surfactant addition: PEG 6000 1:5, CMC 2.5% (b/b), CMC 5% (b/b), CMC 10% (b/b), and Tween 80 3% (b/v). Silica content in boiler ash and furnace ash was 49.69% and 78.75%, respectively. The nanosilics produced using the ultrasonication method had the uniform size (PDI) of 0.638, and with the addition of surfactant might increase the uniformity of the particle (PDI) to 0.045 and 0.047 on the usage of CMC 5 and 2.5%. The addition of surfactant also increased the crystallinity degree from 76.96% at no surfactant to 84.04% with 10% CMC surfactant added. The crystalline size of the silica nanoparticles also became smaller with the addition of 10% CMC of 37.69 nm from 41.40 nm crystal size without the addition of surfactant. The addition of an enlarged CMC concentration would increase the degree of crystallinity and decrease the crystal size of the nanosilica particles.

Solid waste from beltpress machine in wastewater treatment plant is produced as much as 1,25 tons/day but hasnot been utilized, causing unpleasant odour and requires a high cost for disposal. Composting is one of alternative technology that can be applied to solve the problem. The objectives of this research were to examine the influence of the initial C/N value and aeration rate to the rate of co-composting process in reaching the C/N value that corresponds to SNI 19-7030-2004, and to characterize the compost produced. The research design used was factorial Complete Random Design (CRD) with two factors and two repetitions. The first factor was C/N value, consisted of 25; 30; 35 and the second factor was aeration rate, consisted of 0; 0,4; 0,8 L/min.kg of dry material. Composting was done using 30 L reactor by giving active intermittent aeration for 1 hour/day during the first 7 days of composting. Effects of initial C/N value and aeration rate were significantly different (P0.05) on pH value. Lower initial C/N value and higher aeration rate attained standard C/N value fastest. The best treatment based on the conformity with SNI 19-7030-2004 was initial C/N25 with aeration rate 0,8 L/minute.kg dry matter. The compost produced met the SNI standards in macro elements, trace elements,and other elements, but didnot qualify the pH value and moisture content.