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The papers in this issue of Kew Bulletin were delivered at a conference with the above title in the Jodrell Laboratory of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew on 12 – 16 October, 2009. Attracting 193 registrants from 34 countries, 50 speakers (including 10 keynote speakers) and 55 poster presenters, the conference proved most successful, as the papers herein highlight. Why was plant conservation chosen as the theme for such an important moment in the history of Kew? This certainly represents a significant shift in focus for the world’s largest botanical garden. A brief historical analysis may help place this shift in context. Although we have no first-hand history of Kew written for its 50th anniversary in 1809 or its centenary in 1859, the enterprise of empire was uppermost in the botanical science and economic botany of Kew during these eras under the respective leadership of Sir Joseph Banks and Sir William Hooker. By the sesquicentenary in 1909, staff had written a first history in which we were told (Bean & Thiselton-Dyer 1908): “Kew is the headquarters of botanical science in the British Empire — one might, without extravagance, say in the whole world. That is its highest purpose. What Greenwich is to astronomy, the National Gallery to painting, the British Museum to archaeology, such is Kew to botany.” The Director, Professor Sir William Thiselton-Dyer (1908) emphasised the important work of Kew on economic botany as well as taxonomy at the time: “Kew, in truth, has no politics or any aim but to accomplish useful work.” Fifty years later, in celebrating the bicentenary of Kew, the essential thrust of the organisation was identified both as a centre for botanical science and as a visitor attraction (Turrill 1959a): “The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, function essentially as a botanical not as a horticultural institution. Nevertheless, the Gardens proper as open to the general public are very beautiful and give recreation and pleasure to thousands of visitors who are not botanists.” This view of Kew as a centre of scientific excellence in botany was further reinforced by Vistas in Botany (Turrill 1959b), an edited volume of essays across the discipline written by global experts of the day. With considerable prescience, the then Director, Sir George Taylor wrote in Turrill (1959b): “The massive contributions to taxonomy [by Kew] have tended to overshadow the more limited output from the Jodrell Laboratory ... [for which] it is confidently expected that there will be early significant expansion in ... [its] activities]. ...Kew is proud of its long traditions of service to botanical science and horticulture and is confident in its power not only to maintain its high position but is poised to add further lustre to its reputation in the field of botanical research in its widest sense” (Taylor 1959). Over the subsequent 50 years, Kew’s Jodrell Laboratory has indeed risen to international eminence alongside the Herbarium, Library, Art and Archives, and RBG, Kew was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2003, according contemporary global recognition of its collections, gardens and scientific programmes — see the recent histories of Kew by Desmond (2006) and Paterson (2008). While the focus on the science of plant and fungal diversity and the sustainable use of plants continue to underpin the work of Kew, dramatic changes in the global environment precipitated a new focus on conservation over the past four decades. Professor Sir Ghillean Prance, Director of Kew from 1988 to 1999, provides in this issue an authoritative review of how this happened. The change of focus towards plant conservation was initiated under the visionary directorship of Professor Jack Heslop-Harrison (McDowell 1996; Desmond 2006; Gunning & Heslop-Harrison 2005), and carried through by his successors and their staff and global partners to today’s cutting edge projects, including the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership. In recent years, Kew has formulated a new set of corporate strategies placed under the umbrella of the Breathing Planet Programme. This is a global partnership programme of existing activities which will be scaled up, resources willing, over the next decade with the aim of inspiring and delivering science-based plant and fungal conservation worldwide, enhancing the quality of life (Fig. 1).

Isoetes eludens, a new, highly localised, endemic species from the Kamiesberg, Northern Cape is described. The aquatic species grows in a shallow temporary gnamma or !gau (rock pool) in Kamiesberg gneiss at an altitude of 1,284 m. It is characterised by a short, strongly 3-lobed stem, relatively short, and broad estomate sporophylls, a complete velum, the presence of an outer sporangium sack (a feature not previously reported for the genus), graphite-black, laevigate megaspores with a narrow, but tall laesura, microspores with near smooth proximal surfaces but with a papillate distal surface, the absence of a ligule and labium, and simple roots with few root-hairs. The systematic relationship of the species is difficult to determine as a result of convergent evolution in the genus. The sporangium sack does not support an affinity with any of the known species. Further surveys are needed to establish the geographical extent and conservation status of this remarkable local endemic.

Sobre la base de los datos de la secuencia de ADN, se confirma que las afinidades del genero Granitites (Rhamnaceae) recientemente descrito del sudoeste de Australia estan con Alphitonia, como sugirio Rye (1996), en lugar de miembros de Pomaderreae, como pensaron autores anteriores. . Los hallazgos de este estudio proporcionan una confirmacion molecular de que algunos componentes de la flora del suroeste de Australia pueden ser reliquias de antiguos linajes de la selva tropical