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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was utilized in photocatalysis applications due to their non- toxic, cheap and high photocatalytic activity. However, its photocatalytic reaction is limited by low surface area as well as the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and only has ability to absorb a small fraction (2) nanocomposite photocatalyst was synthesized using hydrothermal method. The synthesised photocatalyst was characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Brunauer, Emmett, teller (BET) and UV- Visible Spectroscopy. Spectra obtained from FTIR have proved that there are existence of O-H stretching, O-H vibration and metal-O bond that correlates to the functional groups of the samples. As affirmed by XRD analysis, highly crystalline rutile TiO2 phase was obtained for pure TiO2 samples. Rutile TiO2 phase is remained and additional peaks belong to copper oxide was observed for CuO/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst sample. This finding suggesting that copper oxide was successfully loaded onto TiO2. Morphological study from SEM shows the presence of short rod-like particles of copper oxide and agglomerated TiO2 bulk particles. BET surface area for CuO, TiO2 and CuO/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalysts were 20.50 m2/g, 15.26 m2/g and 17.13 m2/g, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) was found to be 85.0% using CuO/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst, which is better than pure TiO2 and pure CuO after 3 hours reaction.

Fish processing industry has led to large amounts of waste every year around the world. However, waste from the fish bone contains valuable compound such as hydroxyapatite (HAp). Fish bones are natural resources and have an attractive added value which contains HAp that can potentially be used as hybrid sunscreen. Therefore, Fringescale sardinella (Valenciennes, 1847) bones have been discovered and HAp was synthesized to be applied in cosmeceuticals applications. The properties of HAp from Fringescale sardinella bones have been characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared Ray (FTIR) and Cytotoxicity test. The emulsions have been formulated and tested under Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy. Results had indicated that fish bones doped with FeCl2 shows higher tendency as sunscreen compared to MnCl2 and unmodified bones. Thus, the utilization of waste from fish bones will not only adding value to the by-products, but also help in reducing pollution to the environment and preventing from global warming. Hence, formulation on emulsion synthesized from fish bone is designed as a new hybrid innovation in cosmeceutical products and boost up the efficiency of skin prevention from UV radiation.