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The massive digitisation of written historical sources, optical character recognition (OCR) of texts, and their online availability in recent decades have created new opportunities and challenges for historical research. The digital humanities research model presented in this paper is based on the information organisation paradigm and the application of digital technology- based methods in studying ancient travels. The model has been developed and tested using the materials of the project "Homo Viator: Travel Space and Travellers' Experiences in Early Modern Lithuania". The main problem of the research is related to the fact that one of the essential sources of information about ancient travel are egodocuments (letters, diaries, memoirs, etc.) that contain journeys described alongside other important life events of a particular person. However, travel descriptions form only a small part of a text of a given egodocument and are unevenly distributed among different egodocuments. Therefore, given the size of the text of the egodocuments and their collections and the number of egodocuments published in different languages, researching them as sources in only one aspect (travel) requires a significant amount of human and time resources. A similar problematic situation exists with other sources of knowledge on ancient travel: a massive number of documents published in digital form (including OCR), their texts are voluminous, and the text fragments related to travel, country descriptions, ancient travel routes, travel and mobility infrastructure, and travellers' experiences are relatively small and scattered throughout the source text. The research model described in the paper is divided into two steps: (i) collection of the corpus of OCR source texts; (ii) collection of empirical data using a dictionary-based computer-aided [or assisted] qualitative text analysis method implemented with the MaxQDA software. The collection of the source text corpus is carried out by applying the general principles and methods of online search of scientific publications. The corpus comprises authentic, published sources relevant to the study (letters, diaries, memoirs, etc.) and scholarly publications about them, thus forming two blocks of text - sources and literature. The literature block is used as additional material for a more precise selection and interpretation of the source texts. A key element for applying a dictionary-based computer-aided [or assisted] qualitative text analysis method is a high-quality dictionary that accurately describes the concepts (categories) relevant to the research. Considering the specificity of the sources (the languages used in the sources and their translations), a multilingual dictionary (Lithuanian-Polish-English-Russian-German) was compiled. The structure of the dictionary consists of six concepts (categories) related to ancient travel: (i) journey (general description), (ii) road and its infrastructure (bridges, fords, etc.), (iii) means of transportation, (iv) resting and accommodation places (towns, villages, taverns, post of- fices, etc.), (v) people encountered on the way (inn-keepers, highwaymen, guides, etc.), and (vi) food of the journey. A set of keywords and phrases describes each concept. In the last stage of the study, the research model was tested. The testing showed that the model could solve the above problems that arose during the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For intensive academic activities, there is a need to ensure introduction of scientific research results, discussion of scientific works and spread of scientific investigation results in an interaction among scientists, scientists and scientific community, scientists and society. This kind of communication creates and fosters the persistent value of scientific work through the presentation and dissemination of results of scientific theoretical and empirical investigations. In the article, scientific communication is understood as a dissemination of scientific information of all areas of scientific research through formal and informal channels of communication. Scientific communication as a concept unites various possibilities such as science mass communication, public understanding of science, public awareness of science, scientific culture, scholarly communication aspects such as academic communication, purely scientific communication, etc. The aim of the article is to analyze formal science communication presented by scientists from the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University. The research aims to present completeness of science communication presented by the scholars of the Faculty of Communication in dissemination of results of scientific researches and to create a knowledge dissemination map in which a flow of science communication and activities of scholars could be shown. The research is based on the quantitative variables that describe the form of science communication, from analysis of documental communication in scientific publications to formal communication such as participation in national and international conferences, expert activities, etc. Analysis of formal science communication is carried out from four main points: analysis of the science communication structure at the Faculty of Communication, Vilnius University; measurement of the geographical scope of science communication performed by the scholars of the Faculty; a set of participants and a flow of science communication; identification of institutions and individual scholars that actively participate in science communication in the field of communication and information. Results of the research stress several important aspects which present science communication at the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University: the communication model "scientists to scientists" is dominating; dissemination of scientific information is oriented towards the Lithuanian scientific community; by active participation in international scientific networks and conferences; the map that presents the spread of scientific research results is wider than Lithuania's geographical frame. As the main means for formal science communication, scientific publications could be mentioned. "Knygotyra" and "Informacijos mokslai" are the main scientific journals where formal science communication in the area of communication and information is concentrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on terminological data identification, management, standardization and linguistic modeling techniques used in preparing a new model of the Lithuanian-English Dictionary of Librarianship, Information and Book Science at the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. This model is analysed from the point of view of current trends in terminology and standardization, and can expand knowledge exchange and help in its exchange accross these areas as well as improve the quality of professional content management in the future. Another aim of this paper was to update the importance of glossaries of technical terms for linguistic representation and global digital dissemination of scientific data in Lithuanian. This can help improve the quality of librarianship, information and communication knowledge, publicity, and wider use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the printing houses in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that operated during the 17th-18th centuries belonged to institutions the biggest part of which consisted of Catholic monk monasteries. Despite belonging to one group, the development path of each printing house and its contribution to book culture has unique features. Of the four institutional printing houses operating in the 18th century in Vilnius, the printing house of the Franciscan Conventuals Monastery was the first to be closed and its operations terminated. The purpose of the article is to identify the following causes behind the issues and eventual closure of this printing house. Based on the expenses and income book of this printing house for the period 1752-1769 (it is preserved at the Department of Manuscripts of Vilnius University Library,) this paper examines various aspects of the Vilnius Franciscan Conventuals monastery printing house: funds, sources of equipment and paper, building location, relations with employees and hired craftsmen, orders, sources of income, profitability. In order to better understand the specificity of the institutional press, an effort was made to establish a link between the research outcome and the wider context by addressing the question of the impact of both the society of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Franciscan Order itself on the destiny of the printing house. In addition, the book of expenses and income reveals new biographical data about Vilnius engraver Franciszek Balcewicz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first decades of the 21st century, the topic of the 'playing' person has become the core of interdisciplinary research on human activity. As museums have been adopting a new approach towards cultural dissemination and educational goals, the discourse of play is also becoming one of the current fields of research in museology. Although the cultural aspects of play and game have been discussed for a long time, the interpretation of the concept of play from the museological point of view is a relatively new field which requires the definition of the synonymously used terms and the respective concepts. The aim of this article is to highlight the concept and function of play in museology based on the analysis of museology theories, to identify the preconditions for the formation of play communication, and to identify the directions of the development of the concept of play in the contemporary museological research. The article is based on an integrated literature review of the analysis of the concept of play while focusing on theoretical texts and monographs of scholars studying the phenomenon of play, as well as on theoretical and empirical research articles analysing the expression of play in all types of museums. This paper also discusses the linguistic use of the terms play and game. In the Lithuanian language, we not only have to deal with the synonymous use of play (žaismas)/game (žaidimas) in the translation of spel, play, spielen, but also with the use of play in the translation of both play and game used in different contexts in the English-language literature. Since game is a structured form of play, and, in the museological research and practice, game is more commonly defined as the digital expression and referred to as gamification, it is suggested that play (as an action and a state of being) should be distinguished from game (as a structured form of action) by using two different terms in the Lithuanian language. The literature reviewed in this article has highlighted that the concept of play in the museum is linked to the development of new theories of museology, and it reveals itself as a creative construct that is shaped and sustained by the institution. Play is defined as the concept for communicating the theme of the museum, manifested through the act of play and the elements of game. This approach to the dissemination of content and the organisation of activities is expressed through the application of play and game methods which allow the audience to engage in a more intensive relationship with the museum's theme and exhibits. Play becomes a necessary medium for the museum's metagame which includes and expresses playfulness, play action, playful elements, real and digital games, whereas the audience is engaged by play to satisfy its educational and entertainment needs. To summarise on the interdisciplinary context of the phenomenon of play, in museology, it is most appropriate to associate play with an intellectual or conceptual state that involves exchange, change and playful action. The term game in the museological context is more commonly used to refer to a specific spatial, temporal or rule-based action which, in the museum practice, is more frequently associated with gamification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the history of cultural relations between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Moscovian Rus' as well as the artifacts that testify to it. The object of the research is a Vilnius transcript of the Health Garden (a translation of Gart der Gesundheit (1492) into Russian) kept in the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB RS F22-25). The aim of the article is to present a revised codicological description of the object, identifying the features of the Vilnius transcript and its links with the culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This aim is achieved by using codicological, comparative and textual methods, compiling a detailed codicological description of the copy, analyzing the architecture and internal structures of the code, and identifying differences or similarities between the Vilnius, Flor, Uvarov, and Shelonin copies of the Health Garden. Based on the gathered data, the circumstances of compiling the code are clarified. The study identified the following features of the Code. The large-scale codex, created in Moscow between the 17th and 18th centuries, is not a homogeneous object. It consists of two different editions: the index is closer to the Uvarov transcript and the main text to the Kharkov / Flor transcript. The second feature is careful preparation of the transcript. The codex was drafted as an exemplary edition of an old manuscript and is richly illustrated. Colored pigments were used for decoration, leaving traces of gilding. The edges of the Codex block were painted and decorated in ornamental prints. This allows us to consider the high social status of the client of the code. The third feature is the completeness of the text of the Vilnius copy. It consists of the most comprehensive block of indexes; the main text has been supplemented with new objects, enriched with new images; the text contains as many as 237 names of medicinal substances and 38 minerals in Russian. The remarks and additions contained in the previous transcripts became an integral part of the texts of the Vilnius transcript. The identified features, overlapping formal features, and organization scheme of the text, as well as the same manner of illustration, gave reason to search for a place where all the mentioned copies - Flor, Uvarov, Shelonin - as well as other old prints or their translations could have been seen by the creators of the Vilnius transcript. It is believed that such a place could have been the The Apothecary Chancery. Some Polonisms are found in the text; the works of authors from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were used in the Rus' at that time and thus encourage a closer look at the translations and the search for citizens from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth who could have participated in the works. The research clarifies the available knowledge about the transcript kept in Vilnius. The information gathered is expected to help book historians clarify the origin of the codex, its production environment, and its place in the Gart der Gesundheit's line of translations and transcripts; this paper will make it possible to identify other stored fragments. The article is supplemented with a comparative table of the structure and content of the Vilnius transcript of the Health Garden and a decor picture of the code block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book cover of Biblia Germanicolatina (1565), which is held at the Rare Books and Manuscrips Unit of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, is analysed in this paper. This Bible was printed in a 20-volume collection in Wittenberg on request of August the Elect of Saxony (1526-1586). It was printed in the Latin and German languages. This Bible later became a part of various European libraries. Biblia Germanicolatina is analysed in the light of the paratext theory, which as a book history term is first used by French literary theorist Gerard Genette (1987). Genette used this term to describe objects and subjects surrounding the text: text spacing, lettering, book covers and even book advertisements. The analysis is performed using the provenance method, which leads to discovering the origins of the book's binding and its primary sources. As of right now, five out of the 20 volumes from the collection are known to be held in Lithuanian memory institutions. As a result of this research, we were able to identify the bookbinder from Wittenberg who ordered the plate for tooling in 1564. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martin Ludwig Rhesa sent Lithuanian books to Abraham Jakob Penzel in Jena twice: in May 1818 and in the spring of 1819. Although this is a well-known fact, there is a lack of knowledge concerning which and how many books were in those two packages. Rhesa himself, in a letter to Scheffner dated April 1819, mentioned the following three books from the second package: 1) A new edition of the Lithuanian Bible published by Rhesa (1816); 2) Gottfried Ostermeyer's Erste Littauische Liedergeschichte (1793); 3) Gotthard Friedrich Stender's Neue vollständigere Lettische Grammatik, Nebst einem hinlänglichen Lexico. But it is a mere drop in the ocean, as it is known that Rhesa not only bought books for this occasion, but also added 12 books from his own book collection, and a bundle from Ostermeyer. We also know little about the content of the first package sent to Penzel in May 1819. There are few books in the Latvian Academic Library that have inscriptions with the name Penzel in them. As it is clear from the published copies of the inscriptions (see pictures in this paper), in all of those, Rhesa is mentioned as a sender - all except for one book without any coherent record, which this paper concludes is also one of the books sent by Rhesa. This paper concludes that the following is the list of the books from 1818 (the first three in the list were noticed years ago by Tumelis and Jovaišas): 1) May 29, 1818 Christian Daniel Hassenstein Nuſidawimai ßwento Karawimo (1814) (LU AB sign: D6 5813); 2) May 31, 1818 Nathaniel Friedrich Ostermeyer Graudenimo balsas (1818) (LU AB sign: D6 5787); 3) June 1, 1818 Nathaniel Friedrich Ostermeyer Nedel=Dienos knygeles, krikſć' oniems ſuraßytos (1818), (LU AB sign: D6 5517); 4) June 2, 1818 Adam Friedrich Schimmelpfennig Iß naujo pérveidėtos ir pagérintos giesmiu=Knygos (1791), kartu su Danielio Kleino Naujos labbay priwalingos ir Dußoms naudingos Maldû Knygélos (LU AB sign: D6 5515); 5) (without a provenance of Penzel himself) Christian Daniel Hassenstein Kaip krikßconißzka Wiera bey Baznycia, monû pagadinta (1818) (LU AB sign: D6 5518); 6) (supposedly) Christian Donaleitis Das Jahr in Vier Gesängen: Ein Ländliches Epos (1818). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early modern period, the relentless growth in the copies of printed books and the increasing competition between craftsmen meant that, since the invention of Gutenberg until the 19th century, European bookbinders were forced to look for cheaper and quicker binding techniques. Based on this assumption, the article focuses on some of the bindings of books printed from the middle of the 16th until the middle of the 17th century which belonged to the library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy. This study is part of a broader research on the bindings of the Vilnius Jesuit Academy Library, and the article is limited to two groups of sources: books printed in Italy and books printed in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). The historical bindings are discussed by following the approach targeting the field of decorative arts and material culture studies, which is also well known as the 'archaeology' of the book or the bookbinding. It focuses not only on the decorative features of the cover of the book, but also on the structural features of the bindings which reveal comprehensively the work of the craftsmen of the past. This method of analysis is particularly useful for discussing not only decorated but also undecorated bindings which have so far received very limited attention in the research of the old Lithuanian book. As a result, the research revealed that the modest parchment bindings form nearly a half of all the examined bindings of the collection, and confirm the practical rather than the representational aspect of the Jesuit Library. According to the complexity of the technical execution and the number of operations involved in the process of binding, five binding techniques have been distinguished, ranging from the most complex to the simplest bindings, closely related with a retail bindings. What is more, a consistent number of parchment bindings are denoted by structural features, which is close to the Italian bookbinding tradition. The predominance of the latter in the group of Italian prints makes it possible to consider the possibility of already bound books entering the library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy. Moreover, the research has revealed certain binding features linked to the bookbinding traditions in Italy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to discuss works of the little-known and little-researched bookbinder Leonas Panavas (1942-2011), to identify the key features of his work, the influence of his bibliophilic interests and of his profession as a metalworker, and to attempt an outline of his significance and place in the culture of the Lithuanian book. Although L. Panavas was an autodidact, it is important to record his legacy because bookbinders like him were extremely rare. He bound hundreds of books. Thus his work, in one way or another, constitutes part of the heritage of manual bookbinding of the twentieth century, characterizes its peculiarities, and continues the tradition. L. Panavas employed a number of main binding methods: he did not sew headbands but paid much attention to the decoration (dyeing) of the block edge. He tried out the technique of paper marbling. He also restored old worn books and possessed numerous self-made tools and even a hot press. Some works are not of high technical quality due to the lack of geometrical symmetry and order, as well as poor or low-quality materials used. However, his late works show that with passing years this master refined his craft considerably. He decorated books mostly by blind stamping and gilt stamping (using gold imitation) with clichés. Since he was a metal turner, he had the opportunity to make his own clichés and relief metal plates for stamping. He would find other clichés in printing shops, arts and crafts production centres, and flea markets. By selecting and matching several individual motifs and ornaments he formed various compositions. He approached book titles in a similar way, by assembling words from separate letters. Art as self-expression is not the main purpose of his works: it was just a supplementary means of book decoration. Indeed, the covers of the books he bound are decorated, yet it is not his original design. This master neither created nor drew the motifs he used but employed existing motifs and reiterated the styles of the past. With regard to the principles of artistic construction and characteristic features, these covers hardly differ from similar works of the Kaunas masters representing the interwar period, or even nineteenth-century historicism bindings - from the point of view of form they are timeless. Cover compositions are often eclectic, the image is overloaded, the elements and anachronisms are stylistically incompatible. Despite that he managed quite well to maintain the compositional equilibrium His blind stamping and gilt stamping were balanced, and he was in control of the typographical means of expression. L. Panavas paid much attention to typefaces. This apt and intuitive feeling for typefaces came from his experience as a book lover. Among the notes of L.eonas Panavas, a sketch by the prominent painter, collector and bibliophile Kazys Varnelis, which manifestly showed the painter's characteristic minimalist style, was found. L. Panavas followed this sketch to bind a book for K. Varnelis. The ornamental stamping, characteristic of L. Panavas's books, does not decorate other bindings done for K. Varnelis. It shows how important the customers with their aesthetic requirements and taste are to artistic bookbinding. Using the resources available in the book-related environment of his time, L. Panavas accumulated an iconographic collection of local book decoration, which accommodated styles from the nineteenth century to present time. In this way his works continue and establish the qualities of Lithuanian bookbinding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eduardas Volteris (1856-1941) is one of the first book theorists in the Eastern European region and developer of the most important memory and higher education institutions of independent Lithuania. This article analyzes the early 20th c. phenomenon of the institutionalization of book science. It attempts to answer the question of how Eduardas Volteris contributed to establishing the very first Eastern European societies of book researchers, to consolidating the sciences of bibliography, bibliology and book science within the realm of academia, and to professionalising of book scholarship. The sources for examination of the social aspects of book science are: documents belonging to the Russian Society of Bibliology, which was active in St. Petersburg in 1899-1931, materials in scholarly serial publications on book science of the early 20th c., theoretical papers published by E. Volteris, and the results of the historical studies on the history of European book science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the development and the contents of the library of Ignacy Oginski, appointed elder of the Darsūniškis and Vaiguva communities; his collection of books is discussed with an emphasis on how the sense of self as well as geneological and religious identity are expressed. The library of I.Oginski is discussed within the context of the history of his family and closest relatives as well as his connections with the Bernardines of Trakai. The bibliographical and provenance analysis is founded on I. Oginski's books, which are stored in Vilnius University Library (10 specimens); also published at the end of this paper is a list of books bestowed by I. Oginski to the Trakai Bernardine Monastery, which itself was added into the 1787 catalogue of the monastery's library. It was determined that I. Oginski belonged to the third order of the Franciscan tertiaries and was a financial affairs trustee (i.e., a syndic, Lat. Sindicus Apostolicus) of the Trakai Bernardine Monastery, which he, together with his mother Antonina Oginska, had amply sponsored and to which he bequeathed upon death a sum of 7 thousand Lithuanian Zloty. I. Oginski bestowed his personal library, which consisted of 201 volume, to the Bernardines on March 29, 1786 based on a testament written in Kruonis. It contained not only the more traditional printed materials but also some sheet music characteristic of courtly culture, ledgers, and silva rerum manuscripts. Noteworthy is the prayer "On the Appeal for a Fulfilling Life" (Pol. O uproszenie stanu życia przyzwoitego), handwritten by I. Oginski himself. A large part of the library consisted of ascetic lectures, spiritual exercises, and sermons typical of the Bernardine monks, but the collection was not limited in this aspect, as it also had some secular French works from the Enlightenment period and textbooks printed by the publishing house of the Vilnius Piarists. The considerable number of historical works and books containing dedications with references to the merits of the Oginskis to the state and the Church shows that I. Oginski was particularly attentive of his family history. Generally, the library demonstrates quite clearly a promotional-religious aspect of I. Oginski's genealogical sense of self and identity. And here, too, the ascetic literature supplements the data from other sources regarding I. Oginski's piety and his belonging to the tertiary community. The carried out study of I. Oginski's identity and his personal library's development and the relevant associations confirms the available possibilities of using the approaches and methodologies of cultural anthropology and social communication in book science studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to investigate the history of the Cyrillic manuscript transcription of Selenographia (1647), which details Moon observation - the work of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Jan Heweliusz, 1611-1687). The codex is relevant in two aspects: first, as an example of a late-17th century book, incorporating the characteristics of both a manuscript and a printed publication; and second - as an example of scientific literature in the Commonwealth. Hevelius is a well-known sciencist. The researcher is recognized as the first precise topographer of the Moon. He has composed a catalogue of 1564 stars, discovered four comets, and defined new boundaries of several constellations. In historiography, the manuscript translation of Selenographia has been known since the end of the 19th century. However, in the beginning of the 20th century, the transcript was equated to a piece owned by Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich (1661-1682), which was present in his library in 1682. The manuscript has been studied by multiple linguists, astronomers, and museologists from various countries; however, it is still yet to receive attention from Lithuanian scientists. This article aims to clarify the currently available scientific information regarding the manuscript version of J. Hevelius's work Selenographia, which is presently kept in the Manuscript Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB). This study also seeks to answer the following questions: whether the scientists of the GDL were aware of the piece and its Slavic translation, if there is a possibility that the codex may have belonged to the library of Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich, and what are the history and the lifecycle of the codex. The object of this investigation is a manuscript codex (LMAVB RS F19-318) archived in the LMAVB. A digital copy of an exemplar archived in the Zurich ETH Library was used for comparative analysis. The history of astronomy in 17th century Europe and the GDL, as well as the placement of this work of Hevelius in that history, is shortly discussed and based on a literary analysis. This information was used to evaluate the scientific value of the manuscript codex under investigation and make conclusions regarding any possible demand for the translations of Selenographia in the GDL's scientific environment of that time. Codicological and comparative analyses with the original print enabled to consider the circumstances of the translation and transcription of Selenographia and establish the characteristics of the manuscript codex. It was determined that the text is written in a hybrid Church Slavic language; it is written by several scribes in the Calligraphic Book Font with characteristics of the Chancellerie Font, distinctive to the cursives used in the 17th century in Kiev and Moscow. The transcription of the translation is illustrated with original copper engravings (17 of 140), hand-drawn copies of original drawings (17), and original (3) pictures. The majority of illustrations are missing, some blank gaps meant for tables are present, and several tables have been redacted completely. The contents of Selenographia were adapted to fit the environment of its purchaser: all dedications and celebratory texts dedicated to Hevelius were removed and supplementary texts were eliminated, an original preface created by the translator was added, and only an anonymous "ruler" is mentioned. The transcription of the text was intended to maintain the order of the text and illustrations as well as the exact glosses system present in the margins. All numbers and dates have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet; however a Western year numbering system was maintained, and the surnames of scientists were retained in their original Latin forms; objects named in schemes and diagrams were presented in the Latin alphabet. The coinciding fragments of an extant Selenographia translation (chapters 48, 51, 54, and 55) and texts of the codex kept in the LMAVB archives allow us to conclude that it is a translation made by S. Chizhinski during his service in Posol'skii prikaz (Moscow) in 1678-1681. Based on all the defined characteristics, as well as the unfinished appearance of the book and the variety of paper used, it may be concluded that it is a transcription meant for the diplomatic needs of Posol'skii prikaz rather than for the personal library of the Tsar. Efforts to find any evidence of the discussed Selenographia translation in the history of astronomy and book history in Lithuania were unsuccessful. It was not possible to clarify the history of the function of the codex as well. Nonetheless, the history of this book focuses one's attention to another little-studied topic in Lithuania - the connections of literature and book culture in the 17th century that bridge the GDL and the Tsardom of Russia. To sum up, it may be concluded that access to new archival sources in Russia and Lithuania and a detailed chemical analysis of materials making up the codex (the ink in particular) would affirm or deny the conclusions reached in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the initiative of Duke Nicolaus Christophorus Radziwill the Orphan (1549-1616), Great Marshal of Lithuania (1579-1586) and Voivode of Vilnius (1604-1616), a map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, titled Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae caeterumque regionum illi adiaciencium exacta descriptio..., was printed in 1613 in the printing house of Willem Janszoon (Blaeu), which was famous at that time for the manufacture of globes and wall maps. It was drawn by Hessel Gerritsz (Lat. Gerardus) and prepared by a team of professionals gathered by N. Ch. Radziwill. The written part of the map (which addresses the reader), separately published also in 1613, glued together from three pages, and designated to the buyers of the wall map of the GDL, was prepared by the famous GDL painter Tomasz Makowski (1575-1630). From 1613 to 1631, this map of the GDL functioned only as a wall map. When W. Blaeu began to publish atlases as well, he included the 1613 wall map of the GDL, which was pressed from four copper plates and included a narrow ornamental edging, in his atlas Appendix Theatri A.Ortelii et Atlantis G. Mercatoris. The readers of the atlas could not observe the territory of the GDL in its entirety, as it was depicted in four pages. Thus, already in another edition of the atlas that was published during the same year of 1631, the map of the GDL was changed and its copper plates were reordered: the segment depicting the lower part of the Dnieper was cut away, and the whole ornamental edging of the map was discarded. Two maps then took shape: one of the GDL's territory, glued together from four disproportionate plates, and one depicting the lower part of the Dnieper, glued together from two plates. Such a large map of the GDL's territory (73 × 75 cm) was collapsible and would be included in Blaeu's atlases near a written piece on Lithuania in the editions of 1631, 1634-1649, and even in one that was published in c. 1670. This map, unconventional for usage in atlases (as it was not bound), was replaced in 1649 by another map made on the basis of the original 1613 variant by W. Blaeu's son, Joan. This particular specimen was a smallerscale version of the GDL's map and was oriented toward the west, not the north. However, as Blaeu's printing house began to include the 1613 map of the GDL in its atlases, this does not mean that it had also stopped publishing it as a wall map - the buyer could have it made in the same printing shop and purchase, for example, a wide ornamental edging as a supplement to their order (e.g., the specimen belonging to the Uppsala University Library). Only two copies of this 1613 wall map of the GDL are extant, and these can be found in the Uppsala University Library and the Herzogin Anna Amalia Library in Weimar. These specimens are unique in that they allow us to see how an authentic 1613 wall map of the GDL looks like, together with T. Makowski's text about Lithuania, also marked by a 1613 date. Knowing the history of how the copper plates of this map were used, we may state that the Weimar copy is of earlier origin than the one housed in Uppsala (at least by one year within the 1631 period). This article examines the 1613 map of the GDL from the perspective of book science - we provide an analysis of the publications devoted to the 1613 map of the GDL based on the aspect of how it was published. An all-encompassing historiographical study of the 1613 GDL map is not the goal of the present paper. By chronologically analyzing the works of Lithuanian and foreign authors in an historiographical retrospective, it is emphasized how the various authors writing about this map chose to consider its bibliographical information, how did the perspective regarding the structure of this map shift, etc. An historiographical analysis of the publications on the 1613 map of the GDL has demonstrated that the formal aspects of the map's origins (what kind of copper plates were prepared for the wall map, of what structure was the map used by William Janszoon Blaeu in the atlases of his printing house and how exactly was it used, etc.) are important in attempting to discern how its functioning had developed over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of analysing the possibilities of disseminating the results of scientific activity and deals with building a digital researcher identity, enhancing it by Web 2.0 tools and using academic library services. This research concludes the following tools for building up a researcher's digital identity: publishing personal Curriculum Vitae and a list of scientific papers supported by indicators of science-metrics and the use of social networks and other Web 2.0 related tools; results of web search on a researcher's scientific activity. The analysis of previous research works and case study were applied to determine the scope of application and the key problems arising from these tools in both Lithuania and on the international level. Alternative aspects of research dissemination are considered together with the traditional methods of research evaluation to achieve a better valorisation of scientific results and gain better recognition both on researcher's personal and institutional levels. These aspects include researcher's personal involvement into social scientific networks, active dissemination of daily and scientific information in the Web, institutional and national interest to the development of researcher databases, international cooperation for building, transferring and publicising lists of scientific papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is based on the hypothesis that the most important sources of Kristijonas Donelaitis' poetic theory might have been some books in German about poetics, which were popular in Prussia in the first half of the 18th century. In all probability, the poet read these books between 1736 and 1740, during his study time at the University of Königsberg, rather than later, when he was interested in other subjects (such as music and theology), and moreover living in small provincial centres without access to any specialized libraries. Since it is assumed that the most influential of these publications was the treatise Versuch einer Anleitung Zur Deutschen Poesie, published in 1732 in Königsberg and written by Donelaitis' teacher Heinrich Arnoldt, professor of theology at Königsberg's University, the paper pays great attention to this work by proposing a detailed analysis of it. It is also pointed out how Arnoldt's book, together with Mörlin's treatise Principium primarium in lingva Lithvanica, influenced Donelaitis' choice to write his poem in a popular style; in addition, the book could have influenced Donelaitis' pietistic ideology. The paper ends with a shorter analysis of other two books, cited by Arnoldt, with which Donelaitis could have been likewise acquainted during his study time at the university: Gottsched's Versuch einer Critischen Dichtkunst vor die Deutschen (1730) and the anonymous treatise Anleitung zur Poesie, Darinnen ihr Ursprung, Wachsthum, Beschaffenheit und rechter Gebrauch untersuchet und gezeiget wird (1725). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a new trend in society, namely the phenomenon of visual culture. Its influence is also felt in the publishing industry. Firstly, the article discusses the classification of children's books by age groups as well as the importance of the book as an educational measure from the very early infancy. The main aim of the article is to analyse readers' and publishers' approaches to the visuality of Lithuanian children's books. he following tasks were set to achieve this aim: to create target questionnaires for readers and publishers; assess adults' (as buyers and readers) opinion about the visual impact of children's books; ascertain the views of publishers on children's books visuality, their criteria for design, illustration and printing. he research part of the paper combines readers' and publishers' approach to visual issues in the books for children. he empirical study was composed of the following two structural elements: a questionnaire method applied to the readers, and an interview method applied to the publishers. Readers are characterized as buyers of books (parents or other mature people who can afford buying a book). The research targeted at publishers covered the following organizations: "Nieko rimto", "Dominicus Lituanus" and "Presvika". In conclusion, the survey revealed that the approach of both readers and publishers is very similar on many issues. Thus, the need for children education using books since early infancy has been identified during the research. Furthermore, most publishers offer books in the market for all age groups including infants. As it is written in multiple scientific sources, respondents also perceive the importance of books in a child's educational process. It is a well-known fact that books develop the body motility and linguistic skills: they also help meet the cognitive needs. Besides, a book is also regarded as a great communication tool. It has been established that the visual aspects are highly considered when choosing and buying a book for children. Both readers and publishers emphasize the importance of harmony in the book, when all elements, included content, design, layout, illustrations, are in harmony with each other. Readers tend not to buy the books, which do not satisfy one of the required elements (content-related or visual quality) However, both readers and publishers are glad about the general situation of publishing industry in Lithuania. A high quality of printing, creative authors and illustrators are the features of the today's market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a quantitative study of research in book science, throwing light on one aspect of scientific communication -- the world-wide dissemination of scientific news published in the serial "Book Science" („Knygotyra″). The latter has been selected as the research object because it is the only specialized Lithuanian publication on the topic, containing the majority of papers in book science and related fields, published in the state. In Lithuania, "Book Science" is recognized as a publication meeting the today's scientific requirements and ensuring a high quality of its articles. The study period is 2000-2011. he research has employed qualitative methods, such as analysis of the qualitative characteristics of the publication low and citations. The analysis of the scientific production of "Book Science" has been carried out in eight aspects crucial for the effective worldwide dissemination of scientific data: publication language, the language and length of summaries, internationality, international co-authorship, the international composition of the editorial board, open access to electronic publication, references in international databases, international citing. The research has revealed "Book Science" to have a strong potential for being noticed and read by international readers because: * papers in languages other than Lithuanian make up 27.4 per cent of the total number of its articles; * articles in Lithuanian have summaries in another language (most often in English); * the proportion of publications by foreign authors in the journal is 26.6 percent; such authors represent 16 countries; * the international editorial board includes specialists from six countries (Estonia, Germany, Poland, Latvia, Russia, and Finland); * the digital version of "Book Science" is openly accessible online; * "Book Science" is referenced in five international and three Lithuanian databases; information about the journal with the links to its online site is given in four electronic resources; * citation data for "Book Science" are given by the Google Scholar international search engine and in the Lithuanian database "Lithuanistics"; * the journal is distributed in 20 countries worldwide. "Book Science" does not conform to only two criteria of the effective worldwide dissemination of publications: 1) there is not a single case of international co-authorship; 2) the international citation level of the journal's articles is low. International co-authorship and international citing are more usual in the case of physical, biomedical, and technological sciences. Due to the specifics of humanities and social sciences, their researchers most often work individually, so the number of papers written by more than one author is very small. As to the low international citation level, it is caused by the circumstance that the main aim of this scientific area is to foster the national scientific potential. he present research has confirmed the fact that the majority of articles in the field of book science are oriented to the science of Lithuania. his is indicated by their language, national-oriented topics, translations into Lithuanian of theoretical and methodological articles by foreign authors. The research has demonstrated that "Book Science" meets six out of the eight criteria of effective international dissemination - the fact that shows the book science of Lithuania to integrate successfully into international science, meanwhile retaining its national significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leonas Panavas (1942-2011) was a professional milling-machine operator at Vilnius metal-working plants who became a bibliophile and book binder due to his cultural aspirations. He was motivated by his complicated family and personal experiences as well as by his natural abilities. His book culture was developing in several directions. It was dominated by his collection of a personal library of scholarly bias, his strong inclination for reading, and bibliophily. Even though L. Panavas lacked higher education, his personal book culture surpassed not only that of an ordinary metal worker but also exceeded the competences achieved by some professionals in the humanities. The main motivation for his creative activities was bookbinding. It made up for the gaps in his specialized secondary education acquired in his younger days. With the aim of self-development, L. Panavas turned bookbinding into a way of life. To keep it going, he constantly solidified the material foundations of his craft, expanded the circle of his clientele and continuously perfected his professional skills and his style of binding. Striving for a qualitative progress, he made use of professional literature and expert consultations, visited exhibitions of original artefacts created by masters of binding and learned from them. The literature on bookbinding collected by him is valuable and diverse in content. It included the history of writing and book publishing, the methods and technology of binding, the graphics of type and ornamentation of covers, binding materials, and the restoration of ancient bookbindings. He did his best to familiarize himself with the professional publications on the related crafts (leather industry, paper making) in other countries (Russia, the United Kingdom, France, the USA, Czech Republic) even though, due to the lack of knowledge of foreign languages, he could not always use them to the best advantage. However, the bookbinder's reading range was not limited to professional literature only. His reading interests were truly universal and they were satisfied by a well selected personal library specializing in the humanities. Its characteristic feature is preservation of books and respect for them. In the present study, research into L. Panavas's book culture and bookbindings is based on his personal collection of over 150 professional bookbindings preserved by his family as well as on his private library and some documents. However, one feels the absence of more diverse archival material. A major part of bookbindings created by L. Panavas during 25 years of binding activities is dispersed in the private collections of his numerous customers. Researching them is a task for the future. Still, the study has made it possible to establish L. Panavas as an important participant of the Lithuanian book binding process during the period of the restoration of Lithuania's statehood and its consolidation (1985-2010) as well as a productive craftsman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a collection of manuscript heritage which is kept at the Department of Rare Books, Collections and Manuscripts of the Klaipeda University Library. At present, a total of 8 funds are already formed there. They are: Ansas Lymantas (f. 1), Kazys Pemkus (f. 2). Villus Peteraitis (f. 3), Ieva Jankute (f. 5), Vytau-tas Strolia (f. 8), and others: score manuscripts (f. 4), single documents (f. 7), musicians in exile (f. 6). The collections of A. Lymantas (f. 1) and K. Pemkus (f. 2) could be regarded as the best analyzed ones. The content of the personal ar-chives (K. Pemkus collection, f. 2), heritage of manuscripts in the archives of Lithuania Minor and the briefly described material placed in oth-er collections and funds of the Department are reviewed in the paper. There are several groups of archives in the collection of K. Pemkus (a well-known bib-liophile and therapist in exile): manuscripts of writers and linguists; historians; therapists; pedagogues; lawyers; artists; public figures; priests, etc. There are presented original texts (manuscripts and typescripts), corrections of texts, translations, notes, original letters or their copies, iconography, scraps about their creative work, personalities, programs of literary events, invitations and other small printings. The fund (f. 2) of Ansas Lymantas (represen-tative of the press, journalist, a former citizen of Klaipeda), containing documents of organiza-tions of Lithuania Minor in exile, materials of the „Lietuvos pajūris" newspaper, biographical and public work documents is reviewed in more detail. The content of such funds as these of Villus Peteraitis (a public figure, lexicologist, KU doc-tor of Honour), Ieva Jankute (a granddaughter of the well-known "Aušra" publisher Martynas Jankus), musician Vytautas Strolia, score manu-scripts, musicians in exile, and the fund of single documents are briefly described. Information about this heritage could be found at the web site of the Department of Rare Books, Collections and Manuscripts at the Klaipeda University Library's home page: http://www.ku.lt/libr/structure/retu.php [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a brief overview of the archival materials concerning the Society of the Sci-ence and Art Museum (1907-1914), Society of the Library of Eustachy and Emily Wroblewski (1912-1922), Society of Eustachy and Emily Wroblewski Science Fund (1922-1939) and Society of Wroblewski Library Friends (1936-- 1939) is presented. These materials are kept in the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Acad-emy of Sciences. The first one of the mentioned above societies gathered a valuable collection of rare printed matter and archival documents (the remaining part is kept now in the Wroblewski Li-brary of the Lithuanian Academy of Science); the other three societies have taken part in founding the library and in the proliferation of its funds. After an overview of archival sources, a con-clusion is made that the archival material con-cerning various societies that acted in Vilnius in the first half of the 20th century are of the same character. The majority of them are statutes of the societies, lists of members, the minutes of meetings, activities and financial reports, cash books, statements of inspections and various of-ficial papers. These documents enable to restore in essence the circumstances of founding these societies and the main features of their activities. Very valuable is the material in the Manuscript section concerning famous personalities of these societies: Lucjan Uzieblo, member of the Vil-nius Society of Science and Art Museum, and Tadeusz Wroblewski, the founder of Eustachy and Emily Wroblewski Library. The material comprises their personal documents, scientific certificates, letters, notes, manuscripts, death certificates, obituaries. All this archival material is important not only for the history knowledge of the mentioned societies; it is significant also for the knowledge of the cultural and scientific life in Vilnius of the first half of the 20th cen-tury; therefore, it is necessary to preserve it as an important documentary heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing role of the modern university, emergence of a new high school's mission, imposing new forms of science communication expand the traditional publishing opportunities on the university level. It is noted that the University of Publishers have made considerable progress in helping to publish scientific journals, especially in the digital space. However, the trend appears that the printed form of scientific journals gradually disappears. It is possible to hypothesize that the next digital publishing university level would be establishment of new publishing formats which enable the application of a digital technology which will allow scientists to carry out a built-in digital research, rapidly disseminate it and discuss with other researchers, and dynamically update their content by using the possibilities offered by the new generation of the web. However, most research in the future will be mainly disseminated and published in scientific digital communication channels. Thus, as prospective modern university publishing guidelines for the future, there are four problems to be treated: * changes in the science communication paradigm; * double scientific publishing in the form of "paper-digital journal"; * scientific journals on the Internet; * reviewing the matter. Thus, the university also needs to develop its new business vision -- to become an open space for researchers to share their ideas and disseminate a range of scientific ideas that would find response in other scientists or scientific communities, reasoned criticism, comment or approval, all of which encourage individual or general academic research development. Online access to scientific production and its digital form opens up new opportunities for the academic development of the idea of unlimited scope for research, stimulates discussion with other researchers, sharing their research, opportunities to correct errors, submit their comments, indicate errors, or to contribute to the scientific content of a paper by adding new insights. The final transformation of the peer review model would produce tangible results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to present the theoretical model of samizdat. With regard to this model, samizdat, which emerged in Lithuania in the 50's of the 20th century and persisted nearly until the collapse of the soviet system, is construed as a new phenomenon of the underground press. Samizdat was one of the categories of the underground press, which was distinguished by a unique mechanism of spreading. With the reference to the insights of Aleksandr Daniel the first half of the paper discusses principal differences of samizdat from other categories of the underground press ("texts of personal usage", "coterie", partisan press and proclamations). Contrary to other underground press, the publishers of samlzdat controlled only preparation and distribution of only the primary edition (generally small), and subsequent circulation of the publications took place in the circle of the readers. Therefore, the major role in samizdat was played by the readers, who multiplied and distributed the publications on their own initiative and without the awareness of the publishers. Pursuing to substantiate the presented theoretical model, the second half of paper scrutinizes the history of the spread of one document -- secret pacts of Ribbentrop--Molotov -- in samizdat. The method of "one case analysis" revealed reasonability of the theoretical model and expedience of its use. The spread of the secret pacts of Ribbentrop-Molotov in the 70's-80's may be considered a typical model of samizdat. Moreover, the spread of the documents revealed a unique peculiarity of the renewal ofsamizdat: since samizdat was circulating in numerous directions and in a diversity of circles of readers, it was practically impossible for the soviet authorities to stop the spread of a text, which reached samizdat. Such elemental mistake predetermined vitality and efficiency of such underground press in the soviet society. Exchange of information through the principle of samizdat was determined by the heritage of the totalitarian political system -- the society was so polarized that usual forms of the underground press become ineffective. In the meanwhile, samizdat opened new possibilities for the spread of the uncensored ideas in the post-totalitarian system, which could assist in overcoming mistrust prevailing in the society and its disunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epistemology is tile study of the possibility and nature of human knowledge and, as agencies that are concerned with the records of that knowledge, now in both electronic and paper media it seems reasonable to explore the epistemology of library and information work and education for the information occupations. It is clear that, whatever our understanding of the way in which knowledge is created among humans, the records of that knowledge have some 'real' existence - knowledge, that is, what is in the intellectual apparatus of the individual (or 'between two ears' as Drucker puts it) may be socially constructed, but what can be recorded of that knowledge, that is, what we otherwise call 'information', takes a 'real' form. The 'real' form may be difficult to see, as in the case of the symbols cut by a laser on a CD-ROM, or the bits recorded on a hard disc, but they are there. This paper will consider the consequences of a realist empistemology for library and archival science and for education in these fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is dedicated to the translation of the fragments by K. F. Vatson of "Gadalaiki" (The Seasons) by K. Donelaitis in Latvian, - two opening fragments of the poem in the annual sets of 1822 and 1823 of the calendar of Kurzeme "Veca un jauna laika grāmata" (Book of an Old and a New Time), emphasizing the position of this publication in the context of the Latvian literature of the 20-ies of the 19th century. The Latvian literary theory traditionally interprets the translation by K. F. Watson emphasizing typological literary features of enlightenment that are common to this work. However, by the time when Watson's translations were published, the ideas of the Enlightenment to a large extent had been already depleted, and in the Latvian literature influences of the early Romanticism were already noticeable. As it happens in other instances when we encounter distinguished examples of the word art, the text in "Gadalaiki" is also characterised by its timeless nature and universalism opened up possibilities to diverse interpretation and stood the test of time. "Gadalaiki" is related to the new values that were brought to the fore at the turn of the 18th and the 19th centuries into German and a little bit later also into Latvian literature by early Romanticism. In the translation of "Pavasara līgsmība" (Rejoicing of Spring) it is testified by the descriptions of revival of the nature and "non-pedagogical" childhood. Statements made against (the source text in Lithuanian; the translation in Latvian) sometimes uncritical attitude of the peasants towards "Germanism" and derogation of one's own nationality bears resemblance to the attitude held by Johann Gottfried von Herder and later by representatives of the early Romanticism towards national identity as a phenomenon that is worthy of attention and research. It is not known whether Watson knew Lithuanian, however, we have to take into account that the bilingual Lithuanian and German edition was used for translation. Watson distinguished the familiarity of both Baltic languages - Latvian and Lithuanian, and according to him the Latvian language was just a "strongly" modified dialect of the Lithuanian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the time when Kristijonas Donelaitis visited school and went to college in Königsberg, five public" libraries existed in the town: the castle library (Schlossbibliothek), the university library, the city or municipal library, the library of the noble family of Wallenrodt and the library of the Secret State Chancery (Geheime Etats-Cantzley). Together, they possessed more than 25,000 volumes - the castle library with 10,000 volumes was the largest, the library of the Secret State Chancery with less than 1,000 volumes the smallest collection, while each of the remaining three libraries boasted collections of about 5,000 volumes. For a poor student who could very seldom afford the purchase of books not only these libraries were available for his reading, but - as in other cities - they also had access to private libraries, some of which even had more books than public libraries. Their owners were often professors who allowed their students to use their collections. The largest library that ever existed throughout the early modern period in Königsberg was the one of Daniel Salthen (Salthenius, 1701-1750), who was involved as no one else in the learned education of Donelaitis: In 1731, the year of Donelaitis' arrival he was appointed the rectorate of the cathedral school in Königsberg, and in 1733 was given a professorship of theology at the Albertina. Large parts of the historical collections of the former Königsberg libraries were destroyed during the Second World War. However, in the Seven Years War, when Königsberg was occupied by the Tsar troops, complete catalogs of all "public" libraries were made that have been preserved to our days. From Salthen's library, as from other private libraries in Königsberg in the mid-18th century, an auction catalog was printed. It is thus possible to reconstruct the historical collections. And despite all the destructions several thousand old prints survived the Second World War; many of them are now in the libraries of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and the National Library in Vilnius and can be explored there. "The Seasons" by Kristijonas Donelaitis is regarded a poetic masterpiece, the creation of which would not have been possible without a profound knowledge of ancient and contemporary European poetry. At the same time it is an innovative poem for its age, creating something new and special out of these many traditions. There seems little doubt that Donelaitis must have acquired his indisputable knowledge through reading. There is no proof whether he owned a personal library, yet its existence might certainly be presumed. Irrespective of this question the crucial period of the intellectual socialization of Donelaitis was undoubtedly the decade spent in Königsberg. It is likely that in this decade he read many of the books whose influence can be seen in his poetry. Therefore, it is natural to think of him as a potential reader of Königsberg libraries. The paper shows some opportunities to identify possible reading matters of Kristijonas Donelaitis on the basis of the historical catalogs of Königsberg libraries and the still existing prints from these collections and discusses the chances to reconstruct on the basis of this material the genesis of his great poetic masterpiece more accurately than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The company Kultura (1920-1937) in Šiauliai was one of the largest and most significant Lithuanian interwar commercial publishers. During the first decade of Lithuanian independence it foresaw the need to provide the public with editions, which were improved in both content and form. The publishing house tried to make its books similar to the publications released in Western Europe from the artistic point of view. The subject of the work is the Šiauliai company Kultura book design from the artistic point of view. The aim is to determine design quality and characteristics of Kultura books. The objectives are to explore the publishing activities of the company Kultura; to analyze the company's Kultura attitude towards the design of the books; to identify the main factors influencing the aesthetic appearance of Kultura books; to explore the stylistic features of the main artists who illustrated and designed the covers of the books of the company Kultura; to analyze the design of the main types of the Kultura company books with regard to their specifics. In the research, both general scientific and special bibliography methods were used. Analysis of primary the Kultura company sources and scientific literature has led to the conclusion that considering difficult conditions of book production process and the lack of professional graphic artists in the third decade of the twentieth century, the company Kultura was able to release quality books, meeting both the artistic and printing criteria of that time. Seventy percent of the company's books were illustrated. The broad target audience demanded the development of both thematic and typological diversity of the publishing repertoire. Different artistic concepts of book types resulted in a diversity of illustrative material. he books printed in Germany have both a more attractive artistic design and a higher printing quality. he company Kultura was able to choose a larger size of paper, to get clichés and replicas as well as to use offset printing. It pursued cooperation with the technically most powerful Lithuanian and foreign printing companies and invited artists to design covers and illustrate books. All this is sufficient proof of how seriously the company Kultura regarded artistic book design. he books were illustrated mostly by the popular artist Kazys Šimonis, eight coloured covers were designed by famous artist of Šiauliai Gerardas Bagdonavicius. A few books were illustrated by the Lithuanian artists Aldona Kazanaviciene, Antanas Kazanavicius and Pranas Giedravicius. Other books were illustrated by foreign artists Wilhelm Busch, Francz Müller-Münster, Paul-Gustave Doré and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on the paper which was presented in the International Book Science Conference, on Traditional and electronic Publishing in a Small Country: Experience and Perspectives, held in Vilnius in 2013. The aim of this article is to investigate historical parallels in publishing between the two periods of Lithuania's independence (1918-1940 and after 1990). It can be seen as a brief introduction to the search subject th a t may prove to be interesting and useful for scientists and those interested in Lithuanian publishing processes. The development of publishing in Lithuania was very similar to the situation in other newly established and re-established countries in Eastern Europe during both independence periods and was mainly influenced by the country's size, population, economy, culture and educational situation. Despite various obstacles, publishing market demonstrated rapid growth at the beginning of both periods, followed by a slight decline after the introduction of stable national currency in 1922 and in 1993. As the publishers were entering the final stages of their establishment, while trying to adapt to changing m arket conditions, the repertoire structures appeared and the first leaders emerged. One of the main concerns shared by most publishers during both periods was a relatively small book mar ket which made them pay significant attention to marketing and retail. Soaring print runs indicated constant growth between 1918 and 1940, which was mainly influenced by the expansion of the Lithuanian educational system. Nevertheless, the growth of higher education system during the second period did not have such an impact and the print runs started to shrink since mid-nineties. Additionally, economic down turns of 1930-1932,1998-2000 and 2008 interrupted the development of publishing as the publishers were focusing their efforts on marketing techniques to increase book sales. The relationship between the government and the publishers has always been important in small countries. Despite publicly declaring the support for book industry, governmental policies appeared to lack clear direction and long-term visions during both periods. As a result, the progress of publishing industry mainly relied on the publishers, who saw their activity as both business and a cultural mission. This article briefly introduces the main parallels between the two periods, but as the research continues the new findings may emerge, therefore it could be seen as a guide for the future search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the analysis of the Vilnius University research papers "Knygotyra" (Book Science) in 1999-2012. he irst volume of "Knygotyra" was published in 1961 under the title "Bibliotekininkystes ir bibliograijos klausimai" (Issues of Librarianship and Bibliography) which was changed to "Knygotyra" in 1970. Today, "Knygotyra" is a mature and recognised journal. It is edited by a team of international editors, which includes researchers from Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Poland, Russia and Lithuania. "Knygotyra" is the only journal of book science in Lithuania and in the Baltic countries. he state and situation of "Knygotyra" in 1970-1998 was analyzed by Vanda Stoniene (2000). he aim of the present article is to reveal the "Knygotyra" status in the recent years (1999-2012) and to compare it with the analysis by V. Stoniene. "Knygotyra" is analyzed in the organizational, structural, thematic, genre publications, authors' activity and other aspects. he analysis concludes that "Knygotyra" keeps its traditions. On the other hand, a scientiic journal is forced to change. It is influenced by the country's general education policy trends, changes in the global world and scientiic research ield. One of the formal proofs of this change is the size of each annual volume, which has increased from 20 quires in 1999 to 44 in 2012. he reasons for this increase are complex: achievements of ancestors, attention to foreign authors, scientiic communication (international conferences in Vilnius), scientific potential of the growing Lithuanian book community. Upon comparing the periods 1970-1998 and 1999-2012, we can state that the editorial bord of "Knygotyra" ensures a balanced preparation, reviewing and publishing of the material, and authoritative foreign scientists in the editorial bord increase the academic prestige of "Knygotyra". After examining the structure and publications by genre and comparing it with the previous analysis by V. Stoniene, we can see that "Knygotyra" is trying to follow traditions to publish actual and problematic topics of book science. In total, 369 articles were analyzed. A comparative analysis revealed that the recent theme of peer-reviewed articles has expanded enormously. In 1970-1998 it was concentrated on the history of book and the history of libraries. We ind that in 1999-2012 the focus of topics was also on traditional book history. his is evidenced by historiographic Lithuanian book science school. In 1999-2012, the number of articles on book theory and methodology increased. Usually, they are written not by Lithuanian authors, but this is one of the ways to ill a gap of these actual topics. A comparative analysis of the published articles revealed that new items such as bibliophilia, book art, handwritten and printed heritage have appeared in "Knygotyra". Such topics as publishing were not popular in 1970-1998 (except the topics of publishing history), in 1999-2012 this topic has been one of the most actual and pressing. his is due to the fact that the Institute of Book Science and Documentation of Vilnius University is pursuing a bachelor's degree and master's degree programs on publishing. Two dissertations on publishing topics have been recently defended. All this shows that the today's situation has inluenced changes of "Knygotyra": new topics of subjects relecting the scientiic relevance of book science (book advertising, digital book, book branding, etc.) have appeared in "Knygotyra". he thematic distribution of articles also testiies to a much broader phenomenon -- the general direction of the development of Lithuanian book science, research topics of the Institute of Book Science and Documentation, the future dissertation topics. All these things show that "Knygotyra" as a scientiic journal has formed its own identity: it follows the publishing traditions, has its core authors, is recognized and appreciated not only in Lithuania, but also in foreign countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this article is the publishing of bilingual dictionaries in Lithuania in 1990-2010. The analysis of nowadays' users of dictionaries and of scientific and statistical literature helps to predict the future of bilingual dictionaries in conditions of digital lexicography: the usage of traditional dictionaries tends to decrease, while the demand of digital bilingual dictionaries is growing. For this reason, in the presence of a huge number of digital dictionaries, paper dictionaries will be published only in small editions in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with publishing the Lithuanian digital serials in the terms of book science. A comparative analysis of publishing digital serials in a ten-year period in Lithuania has been made, and publishing tendencies of these publications are presented. The research data have been obtained by a longitudinal analysis of the Lithuanian digital serials since 1996 by the methods of information search, document analysis and publishers' survey. Electronic serials have been analyzed according to the dynamics of publishing, type of publications, publisher, periodicity, purpose, topic, economic models, formal perfection and design. The research data of 2012 are compared with the data of analogous research performed in 2001. In the economic, content and form dimensions, the development of publishing the Lithuanian digital serials, started ten years ago, at present is a successfully developing field of professional activity comprising publications of various types, periodicity, and topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of scientific papers and sources, the presumptions on the future of digital book are analyzed and most important of them are picked out: the birth of the digital computer (as the medium of the digital book reading and creating), the rise of hypertext (as a new influence upon reading and writing digital books) and the foundation of the internet prototype (as a new medium for publishing and accessing digital books). The most important facts in the history of digital book are picked out and analyzed. According to product life cycle theory, the evolution of the digital book is proposed to be divided into several stages: the stage before the digital book (the presumptions of origin, 1946-1971), the beginning of the digital book (first stage, 1971-2001), and the growth of the digital book (second stage starting from 2001). The present situation of the digital book in the product life cycle is shown and some future prognoses are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper identifies the already digitized and publicly accessible online manuscript heritage collections (websites) in Lithuania. The object of research was the quality of digitized manuscript heritage collections, i.e. any manuscripts collections, archives, sets presented in the form of a website, published and publicly available on the Internet. A correlation among good practice standards and international recommendations is analyzed. The analysis is based on the MINERVA quality principles for cultural heritage sites. It is concluded that the weakness of the Lithuanian websites is their maintaining and continuity, their strong sides being the quality of technological execution. The current situation is stated (compilers of current projects, the published and publicly available collections) and recommendations for the future projects are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As far back as at the beginning of the 20th century, the book historian V. Biržiška noted that in the 15th century, GDL manuscript books not only did not disappear, but also expanded their repertoire. On the basis of the latest historical research and sources, the article aims to describe and assess the historical conditions, social and cultural processes that led to the manuscript book development, spread and functioning. The article bases its conclusions on the information from surviving manuscript books and archival sources. The paper analyses the phenomena that had a direct impact on the development of the book: the Christianization of the land, aspiration for the reunion of churches, the establishment and development of the sovereign estate and chancellery, the beginning of education. Thus, the history of GDL manuscript books is closely related to the first half of the 14th c. The establishment and development of the sovereign estate and the institutions of the Catholic Church contributed to the dissemination and functioning of Latin books. Due to teaching, writing culture was mastered throughout the country; the group of literate people, who wrote and read not only in Latin but also in Ruthenian grew rapidly. After the incorporation of Ruthenian lands, the GDL sought for a reunion of the churches. Creation of the Kiev metropolis with the center in Naugardukas, as well as the political, religious and cultural activities of the Orthodox metropolitan bishop led to the formation of the original manuscript book in the GDL. There appeard a group of persons (both Lithuanians and Ruthenians) who did intellectual work and had cultural needs. They not only became the main users of manuscript books, but also were their creators; they initiated and patronized writing books. In the GDL, New Latin and Ruthenian writing centers were established, and the repertoire of books expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty seven percent of the repertoire of Lithuanian literature published in Lithuania Minor in the period 1808-1941 consists of religious literature. The publishing of this literature was promoted by the Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Pietistic religious movement which originated in the 18th century. The Kaunas Country Public Library preserves a collection of Lithuanian hymnals published in Lithuania Minor in the years 1850-1936. The collection consists of 142 hymnals which make 34.7% of the hymnals published in the years 1808-1936. It contains rare editions: 4 uniques, 11 curios, 15 especially rare hymnals. An important part of the cultural heritage of the books that reflect the manners and religious practices of people in this region is binding of hymnals, super-ex-libris and provenances. Wafers, stamps and vignettes - promotional marks of book binders -- allow identifying the authors of hymnals and super-ex-librises; 74 books are signed with various marks. There are 73 personal names among the marks of the hymnal collection. The major part of the provenances consists of marks of property (58), promotional marks of book binders (14), stamps (10), super-ex-librises (9), exlibrises (1) and marginalia (17). The property records and marginalia perpetuated names and place-names, dates connected to the book owners and their relatives, fragments of favorite religious texts and records of important life events. It is a sign of the extinct culture of Lithuania Minor, which remained on the pages of the publications. The books of Lithuania Minor are rare because of the historical and political circumstances of the region, a decay of low-quality paper used in the 19th and the first part of the 20th century, and small book editions. Due to the small number of extant copies and the provenances they contain, the collection is an important part of Lithuania Minor printing and cultural heritage, which complements Lithuanian national bibliography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the research depending to the history of the librarianship of Lithuania is directly social situation connected to the political and in the state in the beginning of the 19th century and the dispersion of the ideas of the Enlightenment all over Europe. The article explores various historical sources (library manuscript catalogues, book proveniences, orders of tsar, correspondence of Vilnius University with the imperial administration) to investigate the period from the time Lithuania was annexed by Russia and Vilnius Jesuit Academy was reorganised to the imperial university in 1803 by tsar Alexander I up to the date Vilnius University activity was interrupted by the orders of tsar Nicholas I in 1832, which coincided with the noticeable alteration in the educational system, new subordination and points of the academical community, changed structure, financing, replenishment methods and finally the partition of Vilnius University library. The main notice of the article is to refer to a description of influence of the imperial government to the library and Vilnius University community as the most educated part of Lithuanian society of this epoch for compare appropriate characteristics with and the substantiality at the end of the 18th century when the local community and its library was under leadership of the order of Jesuits (dissolved in Europe in 1773) to examine existing positive estimations of the traditional historiography on the issue. The research covers some directions of Vilnius academical community activity under changing conditions related to the replenishing of the library (using traditional and the new forms), management, catalogues rewriting, imperial censorship, propaganda and the painful partition of book collection confiscated from the closed Vilnius University and lifted to Kiev and Charkov universities, the gymnasium of Orsha (now -- Mogilev district, Belarus) and to other libraries of the empire of Russia. After the detailed analysis of significant historical documents kept in Lithuanian State Historical Archive and Vilnius University Library it is recovered the negative impact of the Russian imperial Government authority both for the local community and its library as well. It is disclosed that next to particular progressive changes in the field of the library financing and replenishing of the book collection by European science papers and popular periodicals, such as "Journal des sçavans" by D. De Sallo (Paris, 1665-1797), "Allgemaine Literatur Zeitung" by F. J. J. Bertuch (Halle, 1804-1849), "Bibliotheca italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura scienze ed arti compilato da vari letterati" (Milano, 1816-1840), "The Repository of Arts, Literature, Commerce, Manufacturers, Fashions and Politics" by R. Ackermann (London, 1809-1829), "The Repertory of patent inventions, and other discoveries and improvements in arts, manufactures, and agriculture" (London, 1825-1862), "The Annals, Edinhourgh Medical und Surgical Journal" (Edinbourgh, 1805-1855, etc.). The Russian imperial authorities forwarded significant loses of values, changed essential points of members of the local academical community, limitated the access of works of modern European authors (Voltaire, C. F. de Volney, P. H. Holbach, D. Diderot, etc.) and influenced the straitening of dispersion of ideas of the Enlightenment, influenced the obsolescence of Vilnius University library and the noticeable interruption of development of the traditional European librarianship in Vilnius social environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until World War II, there were few Lithuanians in Australia. Their numbers were boosted when 10,000 Lithuanian refugees arrived in this country in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Many congregated in the larger cities and established the structures necessary for the preservation of their national identity. These structures included Lithuanian newspapers and books, weekend schools, choirs and folk-dancing groups, Lithuanian libraries, credit unions, etc. All these initiatives were aimed at preserving the Lithuanian heritage, the "lietuvybė", and were addressed at the Lithuanian-speaking newcomers. These former refugees were still passionately hoping for an early liberation of their homeland, especially in their early years in Australia. At the same time, prompt assimilation of the European immigrants was in the forefront of the Australian Government's policy. Most Lithuanians managed to meet the Government's requirement without losing their "lietuvybė" -- an interesting phenomenon that has been studied in its own right and needs further in-depth discussion. In spite of the significant input by 10,000 Lithuanian migrants, however, the Australian population at large knew very little, or nothing at all, about Lithuania and its people. The Australian Lithuanians, aided by their Baltic colleagues, belatedly realised that it was not enough to document the Lithuanian identity and heritage just in Lithuanian. All about the Lithuanians, and the other Balts, had to be made known to Australians, in English. As a short-term measure, new newspapers, bulletins, leaflets and media releases were produced in English, featuring the facts of the foreign rule in the Baltics. Books started appearing on similar topics. In Australia today, some of the Lithuanian heritage continues to be recorded and published, in English. However, this work is carried out piecemeal and under difficul conditions. There is only one English-language Lithuanian journal in Australasia and in the whole Southern Hemisphere (Lithuanian Papers). Over 30 English-language books published in Australia during the past 50 years describe Lithuania and its people. Some are devoted entirely to this topic. Others have merely a chapter or two on Lithuania. Whether lengthy or brief, a number of these volumes are of a high standard; but several others are erroneous and misleading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithuanian culture facing the challenge of globalization carries an actual ambition of integration the Lithuanian emigrants' heritage. The archival foundation is a part of it. The great interest in the culture history and experiences of Lithuanian emigration emerged when Lithuania gained it's independence in 1990. Now these days are gone. Only narrow circles of academic and public society still concern about the fate of Lithuanian emigration's heritage. This paper deals with the archival foundation of two main Lithuanian ideological movements, which flourished among Lithuanian émigré after World War II. The problems of storage, relevance and access are discussed. Since the end of the 19th century the Lithuanian ideological landscape has been shaped by the movements of Catholic or liberal orientation. The clash between Catholic and liberal ideological trends increased during the period of the first Lithuanian Republic (1918-1940 and especially during the years of anti-Nazi resistance. The conflict of the ideologically orientated Catholics and liberals reached its peak during the years of emigration. The research points that despite the ideological disagreement the fate of the archival foundation of two Lithuanian emigration ideological movements is similar. During the years of action most of the ideological institutions' didn't pay special attention to the systematic storage of the archival foundation. It should be stated that the archival foundation of two Lithuanian emigration ideological movements is dispersed in the archival institutions in Lithuania and abroad and in the variety of personal archives. The materials kept in the archival institutions are available for the academics and public. The access to the archival documents kept in personal archives could be complicated. However, the fate of the private archives is the question of the ultimate concern. The death of the archive keeper often means the loss of an important and valuable historical and cultural material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]