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The aim of the paper is to present the theoretical model of samizdat. With regard to this model, samizdat, which emerged in Lithuania in the 50's of the 20th century and persisted nearly until the collapse of the soviet system, is construed as a new phenomenon of the underground press. Samizdat was one of the categories of the underground press, which was distinguished by a unique mechanism of spreading. With the reference to the insights of Aleksandr Daniel the first half of the paper discusses principal differences of samizdat from other categories of the underground press ("texts of personal usage", "coterie", partisan press and proclamations). Contrary to other underground press, the publishers of samlzdat controlled only preparation and distribution of only the primary edition (generally small), and subsequent circulation of the publications took place in the circle of the readers. Therefore, the major role in samizdat was played by the readers, who multiplied and distributed the publications on their own initiative and without the awareness of the publishers. Pursuing to substantiate the presented theoretical model, the second half of paper scrutinizes the history of the spread of one document -- secret pacts of Ribbentrop--Molotov -- in samizdat. The method of "one case analysis" revealed reasonability of the theoretical model and expedience of its use. The spread of the secret pacts of Ribbentrop-Molotov in the 70's-80's may be considered a typical model of samizdat. Moreover, the spread of the documents revealed a unique peculiarity of the renewal ofsamizdat: since samizdat was circulating in numerous directions and in a diversity of circles of readers, it was practically impossible for the soviet authorities to stop the spread of a text, which reached samizdat. Such elemental mistake predetermined vitality and efficiency of such underground press in the soviet society. Exchange of information through the principle of samizdat was determined by the heritage of the totalitarian political system -- the society was so polarized that usual forms of the underground press become ineffective. In the meanwhile, samizdat opened new possibilities for the spread of the uncensored ideas in the post-totalitarian system, which could assist in overcoming mistrust prevailing in the society and its disunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epistemology is tile study of the possibility and nature of human knowledge and, as agencies that are concerned with the records of that knowledge, now in both electronic and paper media it seems reasonable to explore the epistemology of library and information work and education for the information occupations. It is clear that, whatever our understanding of the way in which knowledge is created among humans, the records of that knowledge have some 'real' existence - knowledge, that is, what is in the intellectual apparatus of the individual (or 'between two ears' as Drucker puts it) may be socially constructed, but what can be recorded of that knowledge, that is, what we otherwise call 'information', takes a 'real' form. The 'real' form may be difficult to see, as in the case of the symbols cut by a laser on a CD-ROM, or the bits recorded on a hard disc, but they are there. This paper will consider the consequences of a realist empistemology for library and archival science and for education in these fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the publications of the printing houses in Vilnius from the end of the 16th and the 17th century which have been preserved in the larger Bulgarian libraries and in the archives in Sofia, Plovdiv, and Rila Monastery. These are some of the liturgical books published by Peter Mstislavets, the Mamonichi brothers, and the printing house of the Holy Spirit Monastery. We are offering systematic information with brief descriptions of the preserved copies. We are tracing the distribution of these printed books and the ways of their penetration into the Bulgarian lands in the 16th –17th century, as well as their usage in the following centuries.

Lithuanian culture facing the challenge of globalization carries an actual ambition of integration the Lithuanian emigrants' heritage. The archival foundation is a part of it. The great interest in the culture history and experiences of Lithuanian emigration emerged when Lithuania gained it's independence in 1990. Now these days are gone. Only narrow circles of academic and public society still concern about the fate of Lithuanian emigration's heritage. This paper deals with the archival foundation of two main Lithuanian ideological movements, which flourished among Lithuanian émigré after World War II. The problems of storage, relevance and access are discussed. Since the end of the 19th century the Lithuanian ideological landscape has been shaped by the movements of Catholic or liberal orientation. The clash between Catholic and liberal ideological trends increased during the period of the first Lithuanian Republic (1918-1940 and especially during the years of anti-Nazi resistance. The conflict of the ideologically orientated Catholics and liberals reached its peak during the years of emigration. The research points that despite the ideological disagreement the fate of the archival foundation of two Lithuanian emigration ideological movements is similar. During the years of action most of the ideological institutions' didn't pay special attention to the systematic storage of the archival foundation. It should be stated that the archival foundation of two Lithuanian emigration ideological movements is dispersed in the archival institutions in Lithuania and abroad and in the variety of personal archives. The materials kept in the archival institutions are available for the academics and public. The access to the archival documents kept in personal archives could be complicated. However, the fate of the private archives is the question of the ultimate concern. The death of the archive keeper often means the loss of an important and valuable historical and cultural material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, the social role of local cultural institutions of all kinds has changed. A shift from the use of information on traditional paper-based carriers to electronic formats has takenplace. The implementation of technology has brought about the modernisation of basic work processes and widened the range of services and channels of access. There is closer intra- and interdomain co-operation both at national and international level. It is no longer easy to draw clear boundaries between archives, libraries and museums in terms of digital content provision.Memory institutions such as libraries, museums and archives are adjusting themselves to the digital age. Web-based services have been expanded, remote use of online catalogues and the accessibility of digitised heritage have all been improved. The task now is to create and promote new services which reach and motivate more people. New services require new tools, many of them ICT-based – and above all a new attitude.CALIMERA (Cultural Applications: Local Institutions Mediating Electronics Resource Access) Co-ordination Action, funded under Information Society Technologies Sixth Framework Programme has set out to help ordinary citizens right across Europe to join e-Europe through the digital services provided by their local cultural institutions. CALIMERA has continued to contribute to the sharing of best practice, producing guidelines and roadmaps with a special focus of local archives and museums and addressing the needs of the end user.The aim of CALIMERA Best Practice Guidelines is to provide policy makers and professionals working in cultural institutions at the local level with a concise and relevant summary of the state of the art in the use of new technologies. These Guidelines are intended to explain in a readable way how these technologies can be deployed to develop digital services designed to meet real user needs – social, cultural and economics – to stimulate wider take-up and creativity among the professional community. They are also intended to support a clearer understanding of the way in which local cultural services can play a key role in the fulfilment of major policy goals in Europe,including those of the e-Europe Action Plan.There are 23 separate Guidelines in all structured as three main roups covering Social, Management and Technical issues. Life-long learning, social disjuncture, cultural diversity, egovernment,social and economical development are the main problems discussed in the Social Policy Guidelines. In Management Guidelines one can meet the same problems discussed form another point. Strategic planning, co-operation and partnership, business models, new challenges forthe employees, activity and evaluation, legal and juridical aspects are tightly connected to the problems mentioned above and can help successfully resolve them. Technical aspects of resolving the problems are described in the third part – Technological Guidelines. Each section of the Guidelines ends up with the list of references to the library, museums and archives as well as other cultural and political organizations best practice examples from all over the world.