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This study was performed to investigate the changes in meat quality characteristics of the sous vide cooked chicken breast during refrigerated storage at 4℃ for 14 d between before and after sous-vide cooking. Cooking loss and shear force were significantly increased, whereas expressible drip was significantly decreased along with reduction in the water holding capacity in both of two groups. Redness of meat juice was significantly (p

This effect of replacing pork with corn starch, chicken breast and surimi on the chemical composition, physical, texture and sensory properties of sausage were investigated during storage. Five treatments of sausage such as; T1 (10:0:0, %), T2 (10:5:0, %), T3 (10:10:5, %), T4 (10:15:10, %) and T5 (10:20:15, %) were prepared with replacement of pork with corn starch, chicken breast and surimi. The sausage made with pork meat served as control (C). The sausage in the control had higher moisture and fat contents, but lower protein content than the treatments (p

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pre-rigor salting level (0-4% NaCl concentration) on physicochemical and textural properties of pre-rigor chicken breast muscles. The pre-rigor chicken breast muscles were de-boned 10 min post-mortem and salted within 25 min post-mortem. An increase in pre-rigor salting level led to the formation of high ultimate pH of chicken breast muscles at post-mortem 24 h. The addition of minimum of 2% NaCl significantly improved water holding capacity, cooking loss, protein solubility, and hardness when compared to the non-salting chicken breast muscle (p0.05). Therefore, our study certified the pre-rigor salting effect of chicken breast muscle salted with 2% NaCl when compared to post-rigor muscle salted with equal NaCl concentration, and suggests that the 2% NaCl concentration is minimally required to ensure the definite pre-rigor salting effect on chicken breast muscle.

Chicken breast dipped with citric acid (CA) was treated by sous vide processing and stored in a refrigerated state for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 14 d. A non-dipped control group (CON) and three groups dipped in different concentrations of citric acid concentration were analyzed (0.5%, 0.5CIT; 2.0%, 2CIT and 5.0%, 5CIT; w/v). Cooking yield and moisture content increased due to the citric acid. While the redness of the juice and meat in all groups showed significant increase during storage, the redness of the citric acid groups was reduced compared to the control group (p

This study was conducted to determine the effects of using mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) and collagen on quality characteristics of semi-dried chicken jerky. In experiment I, semi-dried chicken jerky was prepared with the replacement of chicken breast with MDCM (0, 10, 20, and 30%). The pH value of the jerky formulated with only chicken breast was 5.94, while the replacement of chicken breast with MDCM significantly increased the pH (p

Korean traditional meat patties (Tteokgalbi) were prepared by replacing part of the lean meat content with either pork backfat or canola oil and the effect of substitution on sensory quality of the meat patties was investigated. Compared to the control patties, pork-loin Tteokgalbi with 10% pork backfat or 10% canola oil had significantly higher overall acceptability and higher perceived intensity of meat flavor, sweetness, umami, and oiliness. The pork-loin patties containing 10% fat also had lower perceived firmness, toughness, and chalkiness of than the control Tteokgalbi. The chicken breast Tteokgalbi with 10% canola oil had the lowest perceived firmness and chalkiness (control > pork backfat > canola oil). No significant difference was noted in the overall acceptability of chicken breast patties with 10% pork backfat and those with 10% canola oil. These results indicate that substituting 10% of lean meat of Tteokgalbi with fat improved the sensory acceptability of the product for Korean customers regardless of the lean meat and/or fat source used in the patties. Lean meat patties formulated with a limited amount of vegetable oil such as canola oil can be a healthy option for Korean consumers by providing desirable fatty acid profiles without sacrificing sensory quality of the product.

pH adjustment would be of advantage in improving the water holding capacity of muscle proteins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of fish sarcoplasmic protein (SP) solution, which was adjusted to pH 3.0 or 12.0, neutralized to pH 7.0, and lyophilized to obtain the acid- and alkaline-treated SP samples, on the functional properties of the chicken myofibrillar protein induced by microbial transglutaminase (MTG). The solubility of alkaline-treated SP was higher than that of the acid counterpart; however, those values of the two pH-treated samples were lower than that of normal SP (p

The effects of adding mechanically deboned chicken (MDC) hydrolysates on the quality characteristics of imitation crab stick (ICS) during storage were investigated. ICS was prepared from Alaska Pollack, chicken breast surimi, and protein hydrolysates enzymatically extracted from MDC. ICS samples were divided into 4 groups: without protein hydrolysate (control), added with 0.5% protein hydrolysate (T1), added with 1.0% protein hydrolysate (T2), and added with 1.5% protein hydrolysate (T3). Results showed that crude protein content did not differ significantly among the ICS samples (p>0.05). ICS sample added with MDC hydrolysates had higher crude fat and ash content but lower moisture content than the control (p

This study is conducted to evaluate the effects of the mixing ratio between pork loin and chicken breast for textural and sensory properties of emulsion sausages. Meat homogenates are prepared by using five mixing ratios between pork loin and chicken breast (100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100), and the emulsion sausages are also formulated with five mixing ratios. The additions of chicken breast increase the salt soluble protein solubility due to high pH levels of chicken breast, thereby resulting in the reduction of cooking losses. In addition, the apparent viscosity of meat homogenates increase with increasing amounts of chicken breast. In terms of emulsion sausages formulated with pork loin and chicken breast, the addition of chicken breast above 50% may contribute to a softer and more flexible texture of emulsion sausages. For sensory evaluations, an increase in the added amount of chicken breast contributes to a rich umami taste and deeper flavor within the emulsion sausages, resulting in the high overall acceptance score for the formulation of 0-30% pork loin and 70-100% chicken breast. Therefore, the optimal mixing ratios between pork loin and chicken breast are 0-30% and 70-100% for enhancing the textural and sensory properties of emulsion sausages.

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of chicken breast meat on the quality of mackerel sausages. The mackerel sausages were manufactured by additions of 5%, 7%, and 10% of chicken breast meat. The lightness of mackerel sausages showed no significant differences between the control and addition groups. The redness increased in a dose-dependent manner, but the yellowness decreased significantly with the addition of 7% chicken breast meat (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tumbling condition (time and temperature) on the quality characteristics of restructured chicken breast ham. Tumbling conditions were 10, 30, and 60 min at 3 or -3 o C, respectively. After tumbling, quality characteristic regarding the treatments processed by each condition were measured. There were no significant differences in pH levels among tumbling time or temperature. Treatments involving 60 min of tumbling had significantly higher water holding capacity (WHC) than that tumbled for 10 min, but WHC was not affected by the tumbling temperature. The tumbling condition at -3 o C for 60 min demonstrated the most effective cooking yields for restructured chicken breast ham. Myofibrillar protein solubility of treatments tumbled for 60 min had the highest value of all, regardless of tumbling temperature. The hardness of treatments tumbled at -3 o C were lower than those at 3 o C; however, the springiness of treatments tumbled for 60 min were significantly higher than those regarding the treatments tumbled for 10 and 30 min. Therefore, tumbling technology for 30 min or more at -3 o C can produce restructured chicken breast ham of excellent quality.

The aim of this study was to compare the physicochemical changes of hot-boned chicken breast and leg muscles. Chicken breast and leg muscles from 56 broilers were excised within a 15 min post-mortem (PM) and stored at 20 C. Physicochemical traits were determined at 0.5, 6, 12, and 24 h PM. The ultimate pH of leg muscle was higher than that of breast muscle (p

Surimi-like samples were divided into four groups (C, surimi-like material made from Alaska Pollack with all cryoprotectant ingredients; T1, surimi-like material made from chicken breast with sugar and a sorbitol-free cryoprotectant; T2, surimi-like material made from chicken breast with a sugar-free cryoprotectant; T3, surimi-like material made from chicken breast with all cryoprotectant ingredients). Water and protein content were lower in Alaska Pollack surimi-like material (C) than those in chicken breast surimi-like material. Centrifuge loss and cooking loss were higher in C than those in chicken breast surimi-like material. Lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was lower in T3 than others during storage. In a sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was significantly higher in C than those in other samples during storage. As a result, we found that the raw material composition (Alaska Pollack or chicken breast) had a large influence on the physico-chemical characteristics and quality of surimi-like materials, whereas cryoprotectant composition may have less influence on the physico-chemical characteristics and quality of surimi-like materials.

The physicochemical characteristics of chicken breast were determined to identify the optimal ratio of CO and N to maintain chicken breast quality during cold storage for 6 d. The mixing ratios of CO and N were 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20, respectively. The pH of the chicken breast packed with 80% CO and 20% N was lower than that of the control on day 1 (p

Sausages were prepared with fresh chicken breast meat and pork back fat, and formulated with different amounts of added chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) peel and ice water to study the effect on the products. The chicken emulsion sausages formulated with 1%, 2%, and 3% added chestnut peel powder were higher in moisture and ash content, and lower in energy values. The cooking loss, emulsion stability, and viscosity of the sausages were improved by the addition of chestnut peel. The fat content, pH, lightness, hardness, and springiness of the chicken emulsion sausage decreased as the amount of chestnut peel levels increased. The chicken emulsion sausages containing 1% and 3% chestnut peel had a higher overall acceptability than the control.

The objective of this study was to compare the quality characteristics of chicken breast and thigh meat from North Korean native chickens (NKNC), South Korean native chickens (SKNC, woorimotdak), and commercial broilers (CB). NKNC thigh meat had a higher crude protein content than CB. In addition, the breasts of NKNC and CB had higher pH values than that of SKNC, but the cooking loss was higher in NKNC. The surface color of the breast and thigh meat of NKNC was darker and redder than that of SKNC and CB. The total collagen content of the breast and thigh muscles was the highest in NKNC, followed by SKNC and CB. A similar trend occurred with breast meat hardness. The content of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids was higher in both the breast and thigh muscles of NKNC than in those of the other groups, while the concentrations of linoleic and linolenic acids were higher only in thigh meat. Sensory evaluation did not show any differences among the three different strains of chicken except for the meat color. Sensory panelists preferred thigh meat from SKNC and CB to that of NKNC due to the strong dark color of the NKNC. Based on these results, NKNC had harder breasts based on texture, as well as a darker surface color and higher composition of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than CB. The quality characteristics of SKNC tested in this study were intermediate between NKNC and CB; however, SKNC may have a better chance of acceptance by Korean consumers due to the undesirable color of NKNC.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of environmental temperature (ET; and ) and antibiotic substitute conditions on meat quality of chicken breast during cold storage. Seven treatments were as follows; T1, ET + antibiotics (+); T2, ET + antibiotics (-); T3, ET + antibiotics (+); T4, ET + antibiotics (-); T5, ET + 0.1% Lactobacillus; T6, ET + 0.1% medicinal plant extract; T7, ET + 0.1% essential oil. T7 had a higher (p value of treatments at ET showed significantly (p. T7 also had significantly (p. The concentration of actin protein was not significantly different among T1, T2 and T7. Therefore, these result suggested that the antibiotic alternative with essential oil was effective under the high environmental temperature () for chicken meat production.

The aim of this research was to estimate the effect of temperature and develop predictive models for the growth of totalviable cells (TVC) and Escherichia coli (EC) on chicken breast under aerobic and various temperature conditions. The pri-mary models were determined by Baranyi model. The secondary models for the specific growth rate (SGR) and lag time(LT), as a function of storage temperature, were developed by the polynomial model. The initial contamination level ofchicken breasts was around 4.3 Log CFU/g of TVC and 1.0 Log CFU/g of E. coli . During 216 h of storage, SGR of TVCshowed 0.05, 0.15, and 0.54 Log CFU/g/h at 5, 15, and 25 o C. Also, the growth tendency of EC was similar to those of TVC.As storage temperature increased, the values of SGR of microorganisms increased dramatically and the values of LTdecreased inversely. The predicted growth models with experimental data were evaluated by B f , A f , RMSE , and R 2 . Thesevalues indicated that these developed models were reliable to express the growth of TVC and EC on chicken breasts. Thetemperature changes of distribution and showcase in markets might affect the growth of microorganisms and spoilage ofchicken breast mainly.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of hot boning and curing condition on the quality characteristics of ground chicken breast. Treatments were cured by four conditions follows; control (general curing method), T1 (after hot-boning and then immediately cured), T2 (after hot-boning and immediately cured, then frozen), and T3 (after hot-boning, immediately frozen, refrigerated and then cured). The pH of chicken breast in the state of pre-rigor was 6.22. The pH of cold storage or freezing chicken breast meat respectively were 5.70 or 5.61. The pH of T1 and T2 treatments were significantly higher than those of control and T3 treatment (p

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of high and low chilling temperature on the water-holding capacity (WHC) and tenderness of hot-boned breast meat of broiler chickens. Breast meat was obtained from 32 broiler chickens within 15 min post-mortem (PM), and then divided into two groups. One group was chilled at and the other group was stored at for 3 hr, and then all the samples were chilled at until 24 hr PM. During the storage, their physicochemical characteristics were tested at 15 min, 3 hr and 24 hr PM. These included pH, R-values, cooking losses, sarcomere length, MFI, and shear force of the breast meat, none of which was different (p>0.05) between the two temperature treatments at and . However, sarcomere length was shortened more at than at , MFI was larger at than at , drip loss was greater at than at , and WHC was lower at than at (p was superior to that stored at .

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary mugwort on the proximate composition, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and fatty acid in chicken meats. One hundred sixty broiler chicks (1 d old) were assigned to one or four dietary groups: Control; commercial feed supplemented with 1% mugwort (T1); commercial feed with 3% mugwort (T2) and commercial feed with 5% mugwort (T3). After 42 d, broilers from each group were slaughtered and meat samples were vacuum packaged and stored at over a period of 0, 1,2,3, and 4 wk. Chicken breast was not influenced by all treatments in moisture, crude protein and crude fiber, while crude fat was lowered (p

The influence of gamma irradiation with low doses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kGy) on the meat quality of chicken breast was determined for 6 days of storage at . The pH of irradiated chicken was lower than that of the control at day 1 (p

pH 조절법을 활용하여 닭가슴살을 이용한 수리미 제조 시 냉동변성방지제의 첨가에 따른 수리미의 냉동 저장 중 품질 특성을 파악하기 위해 C(명태수리미, 2회수세, 4% 설탕, % sorbitol and 0.3% polyphosphate 첨가), T1(닭가슴살수리미, pH 11.0, 5% sorbitol and 0.3% polyphosphate 첨가), T2(닭가슴살수리미, pH 11.0, 4% sugar, 5% sorbitol and 0.3% polyphosphate 첨가) 및 T3(닭가슴살수리미, pH 11.0, 2% salt, 4% sugar, 5% sorbitol and 0.3% polyphosphate 첨가)으로 분류하여 실험한 결과, 대조구에서 높은 조단백질 함량 및 낮은 수분함량을 나타내었다. 또한 닭가슴살을 활용한 수리미는 냉동변성방지제의 첨가 수준이 증가할수록 낮은 수분함량을 나타내었다. 물리적 특성 측정 결과, 대조구에서 높은 pH값을 보인 반면, T3에서 높은 보수력을 나타내었다. 처리구별 콜라겐 함량은 차이를 보이지 않았으나 대조구와 T3에서 높은 근원섬유단백질 함량을 나타내었다. 전단가는 대조구에 비해 닭가슴살을 활용한 수리미에서 높게 나타났다. 겔 특성 중 파괴강도는 모든 처리구에서 저장기간이 증가할수록 증가하며, 대조구에서 다른 처리구들에 비해 높은 값을 보였다. 또한 닭가슴살을 활용한 수리미는 T3에서 높은 파괴강도 값을 보여준다. 변형값, 겔강도, 젤리강도 및 접기실험 결과, 대조구와 T4에서 높게 나타난 반면, T1 및 T2에서 낮은 결과를 보였다. 수리미의 표면 색 측정 결과, 대조구에 비해 닭가슴살을 활용한 수리미에서 높은 명도 값을 보이며, T3에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 백색도는 T1에서 가장 낮은 값을 나타낸 반면, T3에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 색을 포함한 모든 관능평가 항목에서 대조구와 T3에서 T1과 T2에 비해 높은 선호도를 보였다. 또한 소금과 설탕을 첨가하지 않은 T1에 비해 첨가량이 증가할수록 높게 나타났다. 따라서 수리미의 품질 특성을 결정하는 물리 화학적 특성을 고려해보면, 대조구에서 높은 조단백질 함량, pH, 겔 특성을 보인 반면, T3에서 높은 보수력, 겔 특성, 명도, 백색도 및 기호도를 보였다. 특히 대조구에 비해 T3에서 높은 명도 및 백색도를 보여 수리미로서의 품질 특성이 뛰어난 것으로 판단된다. 또한 기호도 역시 높게 나타나 닭가슴살을 활용한 수리미 제조가 가능하며, 소금을 포함한 냉동변성방지제를 첨가한 T3가 수리미의 냉동 저장 중 물리 화학적 특성에 미치는 효과를 종합해 볼 때 품질저하방지에 가장 효과적이었다. 【This study was conducted to determine the effect of pH adjustment and the addition of cryoprotectants on the quality characteristics of chicken breast surimi. We prepared surimi from Alaska pollack, as a the control, by two time washing times and the addition of cryoprotectants. Different preparations of surimi were manufactured by adjusting to pH 11.0 and the addition of different addition cryoprotectants during frozen storage (T1 : 5% sorbitol and 0.3% polyphosphate, T2: 4% sugar, 5% sorbitol and 0.3% polyphosphate, and T3: 2% salt, 4% sugar, 5% sorbitol and 0.3% polyphosphate). The moisture content was significantly lower in the control and T3 samples. The crude protein content was increased with storage times. The crude protein was higher in the control. The water-holding capacity, myofibrillar protein and shear force were significantly higher in T3 than other surimi samples. All gel characteristics were significantly higher in the control and T3 than other surimi samples. pH 11.0 adjusted chicken breast surimi had greater lightness than the control, and T3 samples had the highest lightness and whiteness. Sensory evaluations were significantly higher in the control and T3 than the other samples. The gel, and physical characteristics and sensory evaluation of T3 were similar to the control. T3 samples had superior color and pH than the control Alaska pollack surimi.】

냉동변성 방지제가 pH 조절법으로 제조한 닭 가슴살 수리미의 이화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 C(명태수리미: 수세 2회, 4% 설탕+5% 솔비톨+0.3% 인산염 첨가), 나머지 처리구들은 폐계 가슴살 활용하여 T1(닭 가슴살 수리미: pH 11.0, 0.3% 인산염 첨가), T2(닭 가슴살 수리미: pH 11.0, 5% 솔비톨+0.3% 인산염 첨가) 및 T3(닭 가슴살 수리미 : pH 11.0, 4% 설탕+5% 솔비톨+0.3% 인산염 첨가) 처리구로 하여 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 일반성분에서 대조구의 조단백질 함량이 처리구에 비해 높았지만, 수분, 조지방 및 조회분 함량은 T3 처리구가 높았다. pH, 보수성 및 콜라겐 함량은 대조구가 모든 처리구에 비해 높았고, 대조구와 모든 처리구는 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 현저하게 감소하였다(p $L^*$ 값, $a^*$ 값 및 $b^*$ 값은 전 저장기간 동안 모든 처리구가 대조구에 비해 높았고, 처리구간에는 T1 처리구가 T2 및 T3 처리구에 비해 현저하게 높았다(p $L^*$ 값이 감소하여 냉동저장 직후에 비해 저장 1.5개월에 현저하게 감소하였지만, $a^*$ 값은 증가하였다(p 【This study was conducted to determine the effect of cryoprotectants (sugar, sorbitol, polyphosphate) on the physico-chemical characteristics of chicken breast surimi manufactured by pH adjustment (pH 11.0) during freezing storage. The final surimi was divided into experimental units to which the following treatments were randomly assigned: C (Alaska pollack surimi: two washings, 4% sugar +5% sorbitol ${\pounds}'$ 0.3% polyphosphate additive): T1 (chicken breast surimi: pH 11.0 adjusted, 0.3% polyphosphate additive): T2 (chicken breast surimi pH 11.0 adjusted, 5% sorbitol +0.3% polyphosphate additive); T3 (chicken breast surimi: pH 11.0 adjusted, 4% sugar +5% sorbitol +0.3% polyphosphate additive). The crude protein content of the control was higher than all treated samples, however the moisture, crude fat and crude ash of T3 were higher than the control (p $L^*,\;a^*\;and\;b^*$ values of all treated samples were higher than those of the control during freezing storage (p】

수세 횟수와 소금 첨가에 따른 닭가슴살 수리미의 품질 특성을 측정하기 위해 C(명태수리미, 수세 2회, 소금 무첨가), 나머지 처리구들은 닭가슴살을 활용하여 T1(수세 2회, 소금 무첨가), T2(수세 2회,소금 첨가), T3(수세 4회, 소금 무첨가), T4(수세 4회,소금 첨가), T5(수세 6회, 소감 무첨가) 및 T6(수세 6회,소금 첨가) 처리구로 하여 시험한 결과를 하면 다음과 같다. 원료육 간에는 대조구에 비해 T1구가 명도, 적색도, 백색도, 전단가 및 다즙성은 높게 나타났으나, 경도, 응집성, 검성, 씹힘성, 관능평가의 향, 풍미 및 전체적 기호도는 낮게 나타났다(p 【This study was carried out to investigate the effects of washing time and the addition of sodium chloride(2%) on the quality characteristics of surimi made with chicken breast. The control(C) prepared from Alaska pollack was washed 2 times without sodium chloride. For the test treatments, ground chicken breast was washed 2 times only(T1), washed 2 times followed by the addition of sodium chloride(T2), washed 3 times(T3), washed 4 times with added sodium chloride(T4), washed 6 times(T5), and washed 6 times with added sodium chloride(T6) to produce chicken breast surimi. The $L^*,\;a^*$ , W, shear force, and juiciness values were significantly higher, but the hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, aroma, flavor, and overall acceptability of Tl were significantly lower than those of the control(p $L^*$ value decreased as the washing time increased, and the $a^*$ and W values were significantly higher, however the hardness, breaking force, gel strength, shear force, and overall sensory scores of the samples washed 2 times were lower than those washed 4 and 6 times (p $L^*,\;b^*$ , and shear force values were significantly lower but the $a^*$ , W, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, folding test results and overall sensory scores were significantly higher due to the addition of sodium chloride (p 0.6) for the overall sensory scores and other items were positive for the folding test, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and flavor, but negative for shear force(p】

This research focuses on a new softening technology for use with chicken breast and eye of round beef in order to assist elderly individuals who have difficulty with eating due to changes in their ability to chew (masticatory function) or swallow. We investigated the hardness of chicken breast and eye of round beef through use of a texture analyzer after injection of a commercial enzyme. Among 7 commercial enzymes, bromelain and collupulin exhibited a marked softening effect on the tested chicken breast and eye of round beef given a 1.00% enzyme concentration. The hardness of bromelain-treated chicken breast reached 1.4×10(4) N/m(2), of collupulin-treated chicken breast reached 3.0×10(4) N/m(2), and of bromelain-treated eye of round beef reached 3.2×10(4) N/m(2), respectively, while their original shapes did not change. To find the level of tissue degradation with specific enzyme concentrations, enzyme injections at 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 1.00% concentration of bromelain and papain were also evaluated. The results of this research could be useful for softening chicken breast and eye of round beef and will contribute to the development of foods that can be more easily eaten as part of a balanced diet for elderly adults.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various marination processes on the quality characteristics of chicken breast prepared with chicken feet gelatin and wheat fiber. The chicken feet gelatin was swollen with hydrochloric solution (0.1 N HCl, pH 1.31±0.02) and dehydrated by freeze-drying. The composition (w/w) of the marinade was water (10%), soy sauce (12%), phosphate (0.3%), wheat fiber (1.5%), and chicken feet gelatin (1.5%). Three samples of chicken breast were manufactured with Tumbler (only tumbler), Tenderizer (tenderizer and tumbler), and Injector (injector and tumbler). The water content of the Injector sample was significantly higher than those of the Tumbler and Tenderizer samples (p