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This paper provides newly found and profound insight into the initiation mechanism of the first Baige landslide occurred on the upper reaches of the Jinsha River in October 10, 2018. The detailed geological characteristics are interpreted by comprehensive field surveys in the past year, which indicate that the Baige landslide developed in the Jinsha River tectonic suture zone, and the active tectogenesis significantly contributes to broken stratigraphic structures and complex spatial distribution of lithologies. The initiation is considered to be long-term creep under the exogenic and endogenic integration, while the active tectogenesis and the influence of serpentinite and foliation, respectively, are the primary exogenic and endogenic factors. In addition, this creep process can be analyzed within three stages: evolution and formation of failure-prone geological structures, progressive deformation and fracturing, and shear failure of the locking section. The distribution and easily degraded behavior of the serpentinite are the fundamental, enabling the formation of failure-prone structures and also responsible for the subsequent deformation evolution. The foliation controls the toppling deformation-failure mode and direction. Furthermore, this catastrophic landslide further reminds us to pay attention to the landslides along the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, and our preliminary results indicate that the distribution characteristics of landslides significantly depend on the Jinsha River tectonic suture zone and the serpentinite mélange belt and thus are always associated with tectonically induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River blocking caused by landslide dams is a common geological disaster in mountainous regions worldwide, threatening the safety of human lives and infrastructure. However, studies on the formation process of landslide dams and the criteria of river blockage are still at an early stage. This paper built a laboratory-scale experimental apparatus for simulating the formation and evolution process of landslide dams, and then carried out a total of 29 experiments. It analyzed the common evolution stages of river blocking, including landslides, dam formation, and dam breaching in detail. Then, we investigated the influences of the landslide volume, the landslide discharge, and the water flow rate on a criterion and the time length of river blockage. The experimental results suggest that the formation condition of a landslide dam is related to the ratio of the landslide discharge to the water flow rate. Based on this understanding, we proposed a dimensionless River Blockage Criterion (RBC) to judge the formation of landslide dams. The criterion indicates that when RBC > 1.5, a landslide dam may form; otherwise, a landslide dam may not form. Additionally, the time length of river blockage was found to be related to the landslide volume and the water flow rate. Subsequently, we proposed a model for predicting the time length of river blockage and verified it by the 29 experimental results. The Baige River-blocking event, which occurred on the Jinsha River, China, in 2018, was used as a case study to further verify the RBC and the proposed model. The results show that the proposed RBC agreed well with reality, and the percentage difference between the calculated and the actual time length of river blockage was 11%. The findings of this study could contribute to the early warning and emergency response of river-blocking disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yangtze River is one of the most important rivers in China due to its large basin size, the large population along the river, and the numerous large dams and reservoirs on the river. The Jinsha River, the upper reach of the Yangtze River, was dammed twice recently at Baige, Tibet, one on 10 October 2018 and the other on 3 November 2018 (UTC + 8). Accordingly, two large landslide dams, 61 m and 96 m in height to the lowest dam crest, were formed in a 3-week interval. Due to the large inflow rates at the time of damming, the barrier lake level rose rapidly, posing huge risks to the downstream residents and properties. In managing the landslide dam risk, one of the important tasks is to predict the dam breaching flood beforehand. This paper focuses on rapid prediction of the dam breaching hydrograph and breach geometric parameters of the two landslide dams. The predictions were made timely before the breaching of the two landslide dams using both erosion-based empirical equations and numerical simulation and were refined based on detailed field investigation at the site after breaching. Comprehensive field investigations were conducted to determine the geological structures of the landslide dams, characterize the erodibility of dam materials, and measure the final beach dimensions. The simulated dam breaching processes, outflow hydrographs, lake water level changes, and final breach dimensions were validated by field observations. Compared with the hypothetical scenario without a diversion channel on the second landslide dam, a diversion channel 15 m in depth successfully lowered the peak flood discharge by about one third and helped to mitigate the flood risk significantly. The analysis outcome serves as basis for warning and evacuation of the downstream residents and making appropriate engineering risk mitigation plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is on two large sequential landslides which formed a dam and the resulting lake that occurred along the Jinsha River on October 11 and November 3, 2018. About 24 and 9 × 106 m3 of material failed and rushed into the river, respectively. Both landslides totally blocked the river and induced hazard chains. Four multi-temporal unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based high-resolution images and digital elevation models (DEMs) before and after the landslides were obtained and merged. The initial deformation of the two landslides can be clearly captured by optical remote-sensing images and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis. The depth-integrated continuum method was adopted to analyze the dynamic process of both landslides, using the same basal friction angle and cohesion. The computational results matched well with field measurements and observations. It is shown that the evaluation of potentially landslide-prone areas by the depth-integrated continuum method is feasible and is able to provide significant information before a possible event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On June 24, 2017, a catastrophic landslide (Xinmo landslide) occurred on the left bank of Songping river in Diexi town, Sichuan Province, China. Based on field investigations, this paper tries to reveal the cause and mechanism of the initiation and development of the Xinmo landslide. Xinmo landslide is located in the so called “Minshan block.” This tectonic block is very active and generates many earthquakes. Among them, the 1933 Diexi Ms 7.5 earthquake which had an indispensable effect on the occurrence of the Xinmo landslide, whose distance to the recent Xinmo landslide is only 8.7 km. The 1933 earthquake triggered the collapse of the Qianxin gully, which damaged the rock mass forming the source of the Xinmo landslide and creating a free prominent ridge. The later 1976 Songpan Ms 7.2 earthquake and the 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake further damaged the integrity of the rock mass in the source area of the 2017 Xinmo landslide. The Xinmo landslide developed on a typical bedding dip slope with metasandstone intercalated with a few thin bedded slate layers. The slate intercalation gives the slope a very low shear strength in the dip direction and the long term rainfall may have softened the slip zone and the locked section. These two aspects have promoted the occurrence of Xinmo landslide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Siwanli landslide is located in the middle section of the Dadu River in the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in a complex regional geological environment. Strong erosion of the river valley has caused numerous rockfalls and slides on both sides of the valley since the Late Pleistocene. A large number of landslide deposits provide the opportunity for examination of the sedimentary and erosional environment along the Dadu River. Identifying the spatial and temporal characteristics of the large, ancient landslides in the Dadu River valley can help improve understanding of the formation mechanism and evolutionary process of ancient and recurrent landslides. In this paper, the formation mechanism of the ancient, complex, and multistage Siwanli landslide is discussed, as well as an important link between river erosion and the formation and evolution of the landslide. In the first stage, the initial landslide blocked the Dadu River, forming a barrier lake, and multistage landslide dam breaches occurred. The entire landslide dam experienced creep deformation, and local minor multistage sliding occurred at the front and middle parts of the initial landslide. Subsequently, a large landslide formed at the scarp of the initial landslide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Longxi river basin with the city of Dujiangyan, in the Sichuan province of South West China, belongs to the seismic area of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Lots of loose co-seismic materials were present on the slopes, which in later years served as source material for rainfall-induced debris flows. A total of 12 debris flows, were triggered by heavy rainfall on August 13, 2010 in the study area. The FLO-2D numerical analysis software was adopted to simulate debris flows intensity, including movement velocities and maximum flow depths. A comparison of the measured fan spreading with the simulation results, the evaluation parameter Ω was used to verify accuracy of simulation, the results show Ω values ranging between 1.37 and 1.65 indicating relative good simulation results. This study also estimated the flood hydrograph for various recurrence intervals (20, 100, and 200 years, respectively) to perform scenario simulations of debris flows, and followed Swiss and Austrian standards to establish a debris flow hazard classification model on the basis of a combination of the debris flow intensity and the recurrence period. This study distinguishes three hazard classes: low, medium, and high. This proposed approach generated a debris flow hazard distribution map that could be used for disaster prevention in the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area, South West China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ancient, large-scale, river-damming landslide in Koushan Village, Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, located in the upstream of the Minjiang River, had a large influence on the valley evolution of the Minjiang River. Our investigation estimated that the landslide volume was 1.5 billion m3. The elevation of the scarp is 2700 m, 1000 m above the present accumulation of the landslide. The residual dam is comparatively complete, with calcium cementation. The highest point of the dam is 221 m higher than the Minjiang River. The dammed lake extends for 38 km and reaches as far as Maoxian County. The investigation results indicate that an earthquake was probably the main cause of the landslide. The damming mechanism was associated with rock avalanches. These rock avalanches subsequently blocked the Minjiang River. The dam exhibits multi-stage breaching, which can be divided into overflow erosion and rapid cutting stages. The 14C dating results indicate that the landslide occurred at least 22,000 years ago and that the dam was breached at least 11,700 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a two-layer depth-integrated smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model is applied to investigate the effects of landslide propagation on the impulsive waves generated when entering a water body. In order to deal with the open boundary in practical engineering problems, an absorbing boundary method, based on Riemann invariants which can be applied to arbitrary geometries, is implemented. In order to examine the accuracy of the proposed formulation, the model is tested against both available laboratory tests and numerical examples from the literature. Then, it is adopted to model the characteristics of the impulse waves generated by the Halaowo landslide in the Jinsha River, China. The results provide a technical basis for the emergency plan to the Halaowo landslide and benefit the disaster prevention policy, which helps mitigating future hazards in similar reservoir areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]