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This article cites a study that examines the general semanto-phonological principle of conjunct ordering in English, UNMARKED-BEFORE-MARKED, as a freezing principle. Known under a variety of names, fixed coordinates, irreversible binomials, freezes or fixed conjuncts have attracted analysts' attention to their etymology, lexico-phraseological status, linguistic or communicative function, and internal ordering. First, the author discusses some aspects of markedness and phonostatistics, then coordinate freezes are analyzed from the point of view of their semantic and phonological markedness as well as lexical frequency. He also looks at the phonological constraints governing the ordering of conjuncts in non-coordinate rhyme freezes, and finally, non-coordinate ablaut freezes are examined.

Switching languages in input requires an observable amount of time, that the input language switch is automatic since added cues resulted in longer, rather than shorter, response times, that the input and output switches operate independently, and that bilinguals do not translate from their weaker to their stronger language except during initial stages of becoming bilingual or when a particular problem is met. The hypothesized effect of switching languages at different places in sentences was clearly demonstrated by the visually presented material. The auditorily presented material failed to yield significant results.

Focuses on the review of previously developed psycholinguistic notions of syntactic complexity involving depth, degree of nesting and node/terminal node ratio. Presentation of a system based on transformational generative grammar; Use of quantitative unit measurement; Problems germane to theoretical foundations and practical applications of the system.

Focuses on the effect of question format at time of recall test. Formulation of grammatical rules for questions; Transformation component of the grammar; Basis for expecting a comparable effect for positive questions.

The article presents a study which focuses on the role of hesitation phenomena in the communication process and typewriting. The study also discusses relationship between hesitation phenomena and different aspects of encoding behavior. There are certain hesitation types and syntactic considerations which have been included in the study. They are comparative assessments of syntactic constraint, a computer parsing programme, and stochastic analysis of phrase structures. Verbatim transcripts of the spoken messages were made as a part of the study.

Memory for the "content" or gist of a sentence or passage is better than verbatim memory; indeed ordinarily, outside the laboratory, only the former is called for. Evidence consistent with the preceding very obvious observation may be found in Welborn and English. There is some recent work on memory for simple sentences which suggests one possible way in which these might be stored and recalled. It has been suggested that given a simple sentence a listener may factor it into its kernel form, plus some kind of a tag or signal indicating the grammatical transformations undergone by the kernel.