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Objective: The proportion of women specializing in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (Oto-HNS) and seeking fellowship training has steadily increased over the last several years. In academic Oto-HNS, gender differences exist in research productivity, scholarly impact, and funding. This study aims to evaluate gender differences in academic productivity between otolaryngologists in early, mid-, and later careers stages and within various subspecialties., Methods: Departmental websites for all Oto-HNS residency programs were accessed, and data including gender, academic rank, and fellowship training/subspecialty field was collected. Bibliometric data including h-index, publication years, number of citations, documents, and coauthors was obtained from the Scopus database. Career groups were defined as early (1-5 years), mid- (6-15 years), and later (16+ years). Continuous data was compared using the t test., Results: Data was collected on 1,754 academic otolaryngologists (412 women, 1,342 men). Overall, men exhibited significantly higher h-indices, number of documents, citations, and coauthors and actively published for more years compared to women (P < 0.0001 for all variables). Similar trends persisted across all subspecialties. When authors were broken down into career groups, women and men showed similar research productivity across all career groups in the subspecialties of otology, facial plastics, and rhinology; however, in head and neck, laryngology, and pediatrics, women continued to lag behind men., Conclusion: This study suggests that female otolaryngologists within certain subspecialties are keeping pace with their male counterparts in publication productivity in the early career time frame. This represents a change from prior studies which have shown women to be less productive in the early career period., Level of Evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 130:1144-1150, 2020., (© 2019 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Objective: Understanding of how specific mutations impact the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein has given rise to the classification of CF patients into low-risk and high-risk genotypes. Few prior studies have investigated differences in sinonasal disease between low-risk and high-risk CF genotypes. This multi-institutional review aimed to evaluate radiographic sinus disease severity based on genotype., Methods: A review was conducted on adult patients with CF evaluated between 2005 to 2017 at three academic institutions. Data including age, gender, CFTR mutation, and presence of a maxillofacial/sinus computed tomography scan was collected. A modified Lund-Mackay score (MLMS) was assigned to each scan, and the presence of sinus aplasia or hypoplasia was determined. Patients were further grouped depending on genotype into low- or high-risk for comparison., Results: A total of 126 patients were included with 99 patients in the high-risk and 21 in the low-risk groups. The high-risk group had significantly higher MLMS than the low-risk group (mean 13.88 vs. 8.06, P < 0.0001, 95% CI -8.196 to -3.462) The rate of frontal (P < 0.01), maxillary (P = 0.04), and sphenoid (P < 0.001) hypoplasia/aplasia was significantly higher in high-risk patients compared to low-risk., Conclusion: This is one of the largest studies to date evaluating the impact of CF genotype on paranasal sinus development and disease. Genotype appears to impact sinonasal disease severity and also potentially paranasal sinus cavity development to a degree, although the exact mechanism is unknown., Level of Evidence: 4 Laryngoscope, 129:788-793, 2019., (© 2018 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)