1. Photodynamic therapy with the novel photosensitizer chlorophyllin f induces apoptosis and autophagy in human bladder cancer cells
- Author
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Zhang Yuanfang, Chu Yiwei, Qian Jing, Chen Gang, Zheng Jing-cun, Wang Guo-zeng, Lin Wei, Jiang Ning, and Du Lihuan
- Subjects
Programmed cell death ,Chlorophyllin ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Acridine orange ,Autophagy ,Photodynamic therapy ,Dermatology ,Biology ,Molecular biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Apoptosis ,Cancer cell ,medicine ,Surgery ,Viability assay - Abstract
Background and Objectives Our group recently synthesized a new, low-cost photosensitizer, chlorophyllin f. In this study, the effects of chlorophyllin f-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) and its potential mechanisms were examined in human bladder cancer cells. Materials and Methods MitoTracker® Green probe and LysoTracker® Green probe were used to label mitochondria and lysosomes, revealing the intracellular localization of chlorophyllin f in 5637 and T24 cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The cells were treated with chlorophyllin f-mediated PDT; the photo-cytotoxicity of chlorophyllin f was monitored using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and apoptosis was measured by Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining. Western blotting, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and staining with Cyto-ID® Autophagy Detection dye, monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and acridine orange were performed to assess autophagy. The role of autophagy was examined by measuring cell viability and apoptosis in both cell lines pretreated with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Results Chlorophyllin f showed affinity for mitochondria and lysosomes. It exhibited significant photocytotoxicity, resulting in a maximum of 86.51% and 84.88% cell death in 5637 and T24 cells, respectively. Additionally, chlorophyllin f-mediated PDT (f-PDT) also induced a significantly higher percentage of apoptosis in treated cells compared to the control groups (P
- Published
- 2014