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Tissue engineering and the use of scaffolds have shown high therapeutic potentialities about male and female infertility. Nowadays, many couples are suffering from infertility problems. There are different causes for infertility including chemotherapy (for male and female), uterine injuries, and intrauterine adhesions. Extra-cellular matrix in tissue engineering provides a supportive medium for blood or lymphatic vessels making it a suitable substrate for cell implantation and growth. Dominant successes in this branch have been in use of patient-derived primary cells, these cells loaded in scaffolds and used to generate tissue for re-implantation. However, this method has limitations, because of the invasive nature of cell collection, also the cells patient-derived may be not healthy and become the source of disease. Therefore, use of stem cells, including embryonic stem (ES) cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) have been considered. Cell/scaffold systems have a substantial role in fertility organs or agents repair or regeneration. This review summarizes the novel scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches to treat infertility. Use of scaffold/mesenchymal stem cells system for male and female infertility treatment. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) has recently attracted much attention due to the development of auto antibodies, anti-phospholipase A2 receptor and anti-thrombospondin type I domain-containing 7A on podocytes, the establishment of immune networks complexes in circulation as well as the development of autoreactive immune cells against kidney, in both innate and adaptive participants. The auto inflammatory responses in IMN leads to the dysfunction of glomerular cells to represent pathological status. T cells, as a crucial factor in the immune network, support B cell-related responses and develop inflammation and cytotoxicity. They have the most determining roles in the autoimmune diseases. Activation of T cells occurs just before their infiltration in kidney. This process is definitely accompanied by costimulatory factors and cytokines, in order to develop and increase the number of these cells. In addition, altered B cell signaling network by the B cell receptor and co receptors such as B cell-activating factor receptor (BAFFR) stimulates the autoimmune-related pathogenesis. Autoantigens exposure and kidney infiltration of naive T cells lead to their local development. Furthermore, losing peripheral immune tolerance towards kidney antigens, will result in IMN. The growing findings about different immune system factors, cells and molecular mechanism have also revealed new pathways of pathogenesis and diagnosis approaches, such as personalized medicine in MN patients. This review aims to discuss the recent findings in adaptive immune cells, and distinguishes between intact and undone researches about pathogenesis and molecular signaling pathways of immune system in MN disease. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]