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The use of the minimum stored energy current density map-based methodology of designing closed-bore symmetric superconducting magnets was described recently. The technique is further developed to cater for the design of interventional-type MRI systems, and in particular open symmetric magnets of the double-doughnut configuration. This extends the work to multiple magnet domain configurations. The use of double-doughnut magnets in MRI scanners has previously been hindered by the ability to deliver strong magnetic fields over a sufficiently large volume appropriate for imaging, essentially limiting spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and field of view. The requirement of dedicated interventional space restricts the manner in which the coils can be arranged and placed. The minimum stored energy optimal coil arrangement ensures that the field strength is maximized over a specific region of imaging. The design method yields open, dual-domain magnets capable of delivering greater field strengths than those used prior to this work, and at the same time it provides an increase in the field-of-view volume. Simulation results are provided for 1-T double-doughnut magnets with at least a 50-cm 1-ppm (parts per million) field of view and 0.7-m gap between the two doughnuts. Copyright (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A movable, actively decoupled surface coil has been employed to obtain a localized 1H NMR spectrum from the lumbosacral spinal cord of a live Lewis rat. A volume selective 'VOSY' normally spelled out as 'volume selective spectroscopy' spectroscopy pulse sequence that incorporates 'phase ramped' selective RF pulses, has been used to minimize random phase jitter in the NMR signal as a result of the large frequency shifts required to locate the voxel in the center of the cord while using intense gradient pulses. Spectra from 13-microliters voxels in healthy rats and in rats inoculated with guinea pig spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant, resulting in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are shown.

A method for the acquisition of localized 2D shift-correlated spectra, based on the combination of the stimulated-echo volume-selection and gradient-enhanced COSY experiments, is described. The sequence can be modified to perform a number of localized experiments including HOHAHA and DQF-COSY. The method is demonstrated in vivo by presentation of localized COSY and HOHAHA spectra of human tibia marrow, and a localized COSY spectrum of human brain acquired at a field strength of 2 Tesla. Cross peaks corresponding to correlations between coupled groups along the acyl chains of triglycerides are observed in the spectra of marrow. The major cerebral metabolites are represented in the in vivo COSY brain spectrum, including N-acetylaspartate, glutamate/glutamine, total creatine, aspartate, and myo-inositol. Difficulties in the implementation of localized shift-correlation spectroscopy, including water suppression and T2 relaxation, are discussed.

A new self-refocusing slice selection 90 degrees pulse is presented and its incorporation in the SPACE localization sequence described. Experimental comparisons are made with the self-refocusing pulse reported by Geen (H. Geen, S. Wimperis and R. Freeman, J. Magn. Reson. 85, 620 (1990)). The main source of localization error in the SPACE sequence is traced to the hard pi/2 pulse and the development of a shaped-pulse version of the sequence is described. This required the calculation of a slice-selective pulse capable of rotating coherent transverse magnetization to the z-axis. The RF power requirements for these experiments are also discussed.

The SPACE volume selection technique was combined with a spin-echo sequence to measure the transverse relaxation time of the resonances of ethanol and cerebral metabolites in the dog brain, in vivo. The method was extended to measure brain metabolite T2 values in the rat using 1H NMR microspectroscopy. The T2 decays for the resonances of the metabolites N-acetylaspartate, creatine/phosphocreatine, and choline/phosphorylcholine were found to be biexponential with long T2 components of 490, 260, and 350 ms for the dog and 490, 220, and 355 ms for the rat brain, respectively. The existence of a second T2 component may originate from J-coupled nonresolved metabolite resonances. The relaxation decay for the ethanol triplet could be fitted to a single exponential giving a T2 relaxation time of 335 ms. However, given the large errors in the measurement of ethanol peak intensities at short echo times because of overlapping lipid signal and the effects of J-modulation, a biexponential decay with a long T2 component of 335 ms cannot be ruled out. Ambiguities regarding the reported partial detection of the 1H NMR signal of ethanol in the brain are discussed.

Theoretical and experimental results are presented demonstrating that the slice intensity resulting from a self‐refocusing 270° Gaussian pulse (L. Elmsley and G. Bodenhausen, Magn. Reson. in Med. 10, 273, 1989) is approximately 60% of that following an appropriately refocused 90° Gaussian pulse.

A movable, actively decoupled surface coil has been employed to obtain a localized 1H NMR spectrum from the lumbosacral spinal cord of a live Lewis rat. A volume selective 'VOSY' normally spelled out as 'volume selective spectroscopy' spectroscopy pulse sequence that incorporates 'phase ramped' selective RF pulses, has been used to minimize random phase jitter in the NMR signal as a result of the large frequency shifts required to locate the voxel in the center of the cord while using intense gradient pulses. Spectra from 13-microliters voxels in healthy rats and in rats inoculated with guinea pig spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant, resulting in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are shown.

In Vivo, high‐resolution, volume‐selected H NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the concentration of ethanol in the dog brain following intravenous injection of ethanol. Equilibration of ethanol in the body water should result in approximately equivalent concentrations of ethanol in the blood and brain. However, the mean equilibrium brain ethanol concentration determined using N‐acetylaspartate as an internal standard was only 23 ± 5% of the blood ethanol concentration. The disparity between blood and brain ethanol concentrations was attributed to underestimation of the ethanol concentration due to overlapping resonances with NAA and to T attenuation or possible nondetection of the H signal from ethanol bound at the surface of cell membranes and partitioned into the hydrophobic core of membrane lipids. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.

Volume-selected 1H NMR spectroscopy was combined with spectral editing to selectively detect brain metabolites. The SPACE localization sequence was used to create a voxel of zeta-magnetization which could then be edited for any scalar coupled metabolite by the use of selective excitation in the ECZOTIC sequence to generate longitudinal spin order. The sequence returns an edited signal with no intrinsic loss of magnetization. The method was applied to observe approximately 10 mM ethanol and 17 mM lactate in the brain of a dog.

The volume selection technique SPACE has been combined with a two-dimensional multiple-quantum editing sequence to uniquely detect certain J-coupled cerebral metabolites. In vivo results demonstrating edited glutamate/glutamine and lactate from 0.4 ml of a rat's brain at 4.7 T are presented. The sequence was optimized to balance multiple-quantum generation and signal loss due to T2 relaxation. Without due regard to T2 relaxation little signal is observed.

Induction of iron overload in mice using 1% (w/w) dietary carbonyl iron resulted in marked decreases in 1H and 31P NMR relaxation times. Natural-abundance deuterium (2H) NMR spectroscopy has been used to measure 2H T1 values in vivo in the presence of body paramagnetic iron. This procedure offers a method for noninvasive determination of body iron stores.

A single slice of z-magnetization is used to generate high-speed images. The slice selection step is achieved using two sin-sinc pulses. This procedure eliminates the need for continual slice gradient reversal, a requirement for the FLASH technique. The RAPID imaging method has less inherent T1 and/or T2 dependence than current fast imaging methods and is more sensitive.

Successful in vivo NMR spectroscopy requires a combination of techniques to address the problems of volume selection, water suppression, and resolution. All this needs to be done in the very heterogeneous environment found in living organisms. Previously published techniques are used to obtain H spectra from a dog brain, observing metabolites with concentrations below 1 mM. Measurements of spin‐lattice relaxation times (T) are also presented. The H relaxation times are long (T > 1.0 s) yielding information about the fluidity of the molecular environment. Comments are made concerning the achievable linewidth in vivo and the deficiencies that phase‐encoding spectroscopic methods may have in obtaining high‐resolution H spectra. © 1989 Academic Press, Inc.

A method based on zero-quantum coherence transfer for spectral editing of metabolites in aqueous solution in a one-dimensional experiment is described. Water suppression factors of approximately 8000 were achieved by the use of pulsed B0 field gradients and excellent editing was obtained in a single acquisition. The methyl resonances of both lactate and acetaldehyde were readily observed in a mouse brain homogenate by generating zero-quantum coherence using Gaussian pulses for selective excitation of the respective CH resonances.

When developing new techniques for NMR imaging and in vivo spectroscopy it is a major advantage to be able to calculate the magnetization slice profiles, at any point during a pulse sequence in the presence of a field gradient. While this has frequently been done by treating the problem as a number of discrete resonances, it is sometimes necessary to consider the continuous nature of the magnetization profiles. This paper describes a method used to simulate the free-induction decay at any point during the NMR experiment.

A method (NIMBLE) for obtaining optimum B0 field homogeneity at voxels located away from the magnet isocenter for use in volume-selected NMR spectroscopy is described. Voxels may be shimmed using only first-order X, Y, and Z shims to produce three-dimensional shim current maps, thus avoiding shim coupling problems. NIMBLE shimming prior to volume selection ensures optimum spectral resolution and improves the efficiency and accuracy of the volume-selection experiment. The benefits of the technique are illustrated by a high-resolution volume-selected spectrum of human tibia marrow.

A novel method for reducing the rf power requirements of selective pulses employed for z magnetization slice inversion in localized NMR spectroscopy is presented. Following slice preparation by the use of frequency‐incremented sine pulses, the slice gradient is reduced, which narrows the frequency width of the slice. This allows the use of relatively low‐power selective inversion pulses, an important consideration for in vivo applications. © Academic Press, Inc.

A single slice of z-magnetization is used to generate high-speed images. The slice selection step is achieved using two sin-sinc pulses. This procedure eliminates the need for continual slice gradient reversal, a requirement for the FLASH technique. The RAPID imaging method has less inherent T1 and/or T2 dependence than current fast imaging methods and is more sensitive.

The combination of a frequency nonselective excitation suppression method (1331 sequence) with selective excitation followed by gradient‐induced dephasing of water transverse magnetization yielded suppression ratios of greater than 10,000:1. The need for gradient preemphasis and correction of Bo field shifts is discussed. The suppression efficiency of this method compared favorably to results obtained using the CPMG spin‐ echo technique to observe metabolite resonances in a urine sample. © 1989 Academic Press, Inc.

Four of the techniques proposed for in vivo volume‐selected NMR spectroscopy have been compared using a simple phantom with a large background water signal which was outside the region of interest. The methods VSE, SPACE, SPARS, and DIGGER all use pulsed field gradients for spatial encoding and were tested with a symmetric and an asymmetric phantom. SPACE was used to obtain volume‐selected H NMR spectra of a human leg, demonstrating excellent discrimination between bone marrow and muscle. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.