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A trapezoidal-shaped force transducer is designed and demonstrated metrologically for static force measurement. The presented design has been investigated by finite element analysis and validated through experimental measurements. Metrological characterization of the force transducer is done based on guidelines of standard ISO 376: 2011, and relevant factors have been considered for evaluation of uncertainty of measurement of the force transducer. The transducer measures the force with an uncertainty of up to ± 0.05% (k = 2) and 0.10% (k = 2) in strain gauged force transducer and dial gauged force proving instrument, respectively, in the operating range (50–100% of nominal capacity). The superficial design characteristics of the transducer make it very economical for experimental and trade pacts. For a range of modern technologies, force measurement sensors and sensor-enabled industrial infrastructure play a critical role. In Industry 4.0, metrological traceability and the utilization of sensors, instruments, and machinery are in high need, and this demand will grow in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bearing is one of the main components of machines and any defect in bearings, mostly misalignment, leads to sudden breakdown of machines; this review elucidates different techniques for diagnosing misalignment and presents the effect of misalignment on bearing and rotor-bearing system. Online condition monitoring is more focused subject nowadays as it led to alarm even if minor change in spectrum is observed, that further result in preventing sudden breakdown of machines and end up saving productive time and preventing capital loss. AE can be able to detect the faults at early stage as well as can detect the fault in slow speed bearing, whereas vibrational techniques are unable to detect under these conditions. Different techniques are discussed and compared like detection through acoustic emissions, torque measurements, laser-based method, vibration spectrum, are discussed with their advantages and drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an outstanding technology and performs a significant role in the fabrication of sensors as compared to conventional methods of fabrication, such as subtractive manufacturing. In this review paper, fabrication of general-purpose sensors using traditional manufacturing and 3D printing has been discussed. All possible sensors, including mechanical sensors, electronic sensors, biosensors, and chemical sensors can be fabricated using 3D printing technologies in a cost-effective, rapid and eco-friendly manner. Among various 3D printing technologies, fused deposition modelling and inkjet printing method have been prominently utilized. With the advent of new materials and flexibility in the printing process, these technologies show immense advantages and potential in the development of sensors. Future sensing applications include advanced biosensors for tissue engineering, high-performance sensing capabilities, such as high power sensors and improvement in multifunctional sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents, in brief, the recently concluded extensive in-house inter-comparison of the pneumatic pressure standards at CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, India (NPLI) and the resulting marginal improvement in our measurement uncertainties. The measurements are traceable to the Ultrasonic interferometer manometer (UIM), our low-pressure primary pressure standard as well as to the national primary standard in pneumatic pressure, NPLI-P1. The inter-comparisons and the subsequent estimations of measurement uncertainties, starting from the UIM, were carried out in the overlapping pressures, ranging from 0.01 to 40 MPa. In addition, the large-diameter piston gauge, the pneumatic primary standard was also used to establish the traceability chain. A summarized description of the extensive exercise undertaken is given herein which describes the stability and the excellent agreement with previously reported results as well as successful improvement owing to better control over experimentation as well as environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work regarding the design and development of EN 24-grade steel-based force transducer has been reported along with its metrological features in line with ISO 376:2011 standard. The force transducer has been designed on the basis of analytical and computational methodology and validated through experimental observations. The force transducer presents ease of design-cum-manufacturing and practically viable alternative to the commercial force transducers with uncertainty of measurement up to 0.10% in its working range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]