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Abstract As a natural laboratory for testing various paleoclimatological and paleoceanographic hypotheses, the Pliocene-Pleistocene stratigraphic sequence from a full-coring major scientific drilling (Well CK2 with total length: 928.75 m) in Yongle atoll of Xisha Islands, northern South China Sea was studied. The Petrography of studied section of the core was dominated by reef carbonate limestones which contain abundant shallow marine organisms, e.g., coralline algae, corals, and foraminifera, which almost consisted of pure carbonates and preserved the primary geochemical message since Pliocene. According to the isolation of Well CK2 and the provenance of elements, the systematic changes and abrupt points of isotope and element geochemical compositions (rare earth element parameters, SiO 2 content, Al/Ti ratio, etc.) from coral reef carbonate record presented the elevated terrigenous influences related to the East Asian monsoon after ~2.6 Ma BP, as part of the Pliocene-Pleistocene climate transition. Our results demonstrated that the continental weathering controlled by the East Asian summer monsoon dominated the surface seawater compositions of study area before ~2.6 Ma BP, when the winter monsoon was not strong enough to exert significant influences. Then, the effects of eolian dust associated with the intensity of East Asian winter monsoon, the precipitation driven by summer monsoon, and the global temperature, which played different roles at different periods after ~2.6 Ma BP, should be considered. Our results confirmed that the potentials and significances of shallow-water carbonate deposition from coral reefs, and provided a unique perspective to shed light on the carbonate record of climate changes. Highlights • Shallow-water carbonates from coral reefs can contribute to record of climate change. • Continental weathering dominated the surface seawater composition before ~2.6 Ma BP. • Eolian dusts contributed distinctly to surface seawater composition after ~2.6 Ma BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstructing the precise timing of sea level fall is important for understanding earth system during the geologic time. However, previous studies are limited by the absence of effective indicators for sea level fall. To overcome this limitation, we investigated the 87Sr/86Sr and petrologic features of carbonate strata in a 928.75-m-long coral reef core (CK2) from Xisha Islands, northern South China Sea and their relationship to sea level fluctuations. Ten exposed surfaces were identified by their petrologic features. The Mn and Sr content, Mn/Sr, Sr/Ca and δ18O suggest that most of the coral reef carbonate in the CK2 core preserved the original seawater 87Sr/86Sr except at intervals of 672–616, 596–575, 521–491, 423–414, and 192.5–161 m, which suffered alteration of meteoric water and showed higher 87Sr/86Sr during low sea level period. The 160 carbonate 87Sr/86Sr showed a continuously increasing trend, which is consistent with that of seawater over the same period. The continuously increasing 87Sr/86Sr curve of CK2 was divided into seven units by six 87Sr/86Sr hiatuses. Inconsistency between the sedimentation rate of CK2 and tectonic subsidence rate in the Xisha area suggest that the continuously increasing 87Sr/86Sr was controlled by the coupled effect of tectonic subsidence and sea level change, and the hiatus and higher 87Sr/86Sr interval in the 87Sr/86Sr curve were controlled by sea level fall. The higher 87Sr/86Sr usually produced during low sea level (<5 m), 87Sr/86Sr hiatus usually produced when sea level changed from deeper to shallower. The depth of hiatuses and higher intervals of 87Sr/86Sr correspond well with the exposed surface in CK2 core, verifying that the hiatuses and higher intervals of 87Sr/86Sr in the coral reef carbonate succession provide an effective indicator of sea level fall. Using this indicator and the CK2 87Sr/86Sr profile, we identified eleven large-scale sea level falls and three dramatic regressions during 19.6–0.2 Ma and constrained the age based on strontium isotope stratigraphy. These interpreted sea level falls are mostly consistent with other records of global sea level changes, confirming the reliability of our records. The 87Sr/86Sr profile of a coral reef carbonate is an efficient indicator of past sea level falls, including their timing. • 87Sr/86Sr ratios of carbonate in a coral reef core from Xisha Islands. • The core indicated five hiatuses and six anomalously high ratios in Sr isotope. • Hiatus and high ratios in reef carbonate Sr isotope were produced by sea level fall. • Eleven major lower sea level and three dramatic regressions found during 19.6–0.2 Ma. • This method provides an effective indicator of past sea level fluctuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holocene coral reef development is valuable to understanding the behavior and impacts of paleoclimate and sea level changes. This study focuses on the Holocene carbonate sequences of a drill core extracted from Well CK2 in the northern South China Sea (SCS). This drill core consists of an 873.55 m thick carbonate layer overlying 55.20 m of volcanic basement. High precision U-series dating of 22 coral samples suggests that the Holocene coral reef, which has a thickness of 16.7 m, initiated at ~7800 yr BP (years before 1950 CE) and stopped vertical accretion at 3900 yr BP. The mean vertical accretion rate in the Holocene in Well CK2 was 3.48 m kyr−1, varying from 6.44 m kyr−1 during 7800–6000 yr BP to 0.87 m kyr−1 during 6000–3900 yr BP. After 3900 yr BP, the vertical development of the reef ceased, indicating that the reef development likely involved lateral accretion. The Holocene section mostly consists of unconsolidated coarse sediments, mainly including corals, coralline algae, large benthic foraminifera, and mollusks. Based on the relationship between coral reef development and sea level, together with the age profile, we determined that the relative sea level near Chenhang Island rose rapidly between 7800 and 6000 yr BP, slowed at ~6000 yr BP, and reached a position of about 2 m above the present-day mean sea level by 3900 yr BP. After 3900 yr BP, the sea level was stable or fell, resulting in a cessation in the reef's upward development. • 22 230Th ages of a SCS reef core suggest the Holocene reef initiated at 7800 yr BP. • Vertical development decreased from 6.44 to 0.87 m kyr−1 at 3900 yr BP. • Sea level at 7800 yr BP was ~13.8 m below present and rose rapidly. • Sea level has stabilized/fallen since 3900 yr BP, as indicated by reef development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]