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The ferromanganese (Fe Mn) deposits could be found in many shallow water and deep-ocean places. Lots of studies have been performed to explore the occurrence, formation and economic value of Fe Mn nodules or crusts on the deep ocean floor. However, the occurrence and formation of Fe Mn beachrocks at the coastal zones has rarely been reported. In the present study, we collected two types of dendritic Fe Mn beachrock samples from an intertidal zone of Zhoushan Archipelago, East China Sea, where was significantly amended by an ancient wood layer formed during 5900–5600 cal. yr B.P. Then the microscale analysis including electron microprobe analyzer (EMPA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS) were performed to study the microscale characteristics on these Fe Mn beachrocks. Combined with our previous studies, a possible formation process was proposed: (1) Buried ancient woods produced enough organic acids to accelerate the weathering of nearby bedrock via chemical or biological reactions; (2) The seepage water could be regarded as a bridge to connect the ancients woods and the intertidal zones, and large amounts of dissolved Fe2+ and Mn2+ can be transported to the sandy beach and intertidal zones; (3) Precipitation of insoluble Fe Mn oxides occurred with the involvement of microbial processes and direct inorganic chemical sorption under mixing of seepage water and seawater; (4) After that, these Fe Mn oxides would experience nucleation, crystallization growth, and then diagenetic process to form the Fe Mn beachrocks. The present study spotted a light on the microscale features, formation process and biogeochemical cycling of nearshore/coastal diagenetic Fe-Mn deposits. • Accelerately formed ferromanganese rocks were discovered in an intertidal zone influenced by buried ancient wood layers; • The microscale characteristics on the intertidal ferromanganese rocks were described; • A complete formation processes on the present beachrocks were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon isotopic fractionation process in biogenic carbonate is very complex, and the mechanism for seasonal and long-term variations in biogenic carbonate δ13C remains a matter of debate. In this study, 5 Tridacnidae samples were collected from the South China Sea and analyzed in detail to study seasonal variations. The high-resolution δ13C records exhibited cyclic variations, likely related to seasonality in environmental parameters (e.g., Chl-a concentration, salinity, SST, rainfall). 57 Tridacnidae were collected and analyzed to study the millennium-scale changes of Tridacnidae δ13C during the mid- to late Holocene and the controlling mechanism. The Tridacnidae δ13C over the period 500–5500 BP is statistically significantly correlated with solar activity (TSI and sunspot number), likely attributed to the presence of symbiotic zooxanthellae within Tridacnidae 's mantle lobes. Solar activity could significantly affect the metabolic activity of zooxanthellae, Tridacnidae 's microenvironment, and thus Tridacnidae 's δ13C composition. The decoupling between the Tridacnidae δ13C and solar activity over the past 200 years is most likely due to increased amount of anthropogenic CO 2 and the oceanic δ13C Suess effect. This study improves our understanding about the seasonal and long-term variations of δ13C in Tridacnidae. • The first mid- to late Holocene Tridacnidae δ13C record in South China Sea was reconstructed. • Mid- to late Holocene carbon isotopic records of Tridacnidae is linked to solar activity. • Potential controlling mechanism of long-term Tridacnidae δ13C composition was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]