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Metal-air batteries and fuel cells are considered the most promising highly efficient energy storage systems because they possess long life cycles, high carbon monoxide (CO) tolerance, and low fuel crossover ability. The use of energy storage technology in the transport segment holds great promise for producing green and clean energy with lesser greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In recent years, nanoscale based electrocatalysts have shown remarkable electrocatalytic performance towards the construction of sustainable energy-related devices/applications, including fuel cells, metal-air battery and water-splitting processes. This review summarises the recent advancement in the development of nanoscale-based electrocatalysts and their energy-related electrocatalytic applications. Further, we focus on different synthetic approaches employed to fabricate the nanomaterial catalysts and also their size, shape and morphological related electrocatalytic performances. Following this, we discuss the catalytic reaction mechanism of the electrochemical energy generation process, which provides close insight to develop a more efficient catalyst. Moreover, we outline the future perspectives and challenges pertaining to the development of highly efficient nanoscale-based electrocatalysts for green energy storage technology.

Presently, the global energy demand for increasing clean and green energy consumption lies in the development of low-cost, sustainable, economically viable and eco-friendly natured electrochemical conversion process, which is a significant advancement in different morphological types of advanced electrocatalysts to promote their electrocatalytic properties. Herein, we overviewed the recent advancements in oxygen evolution reactions (OERs), including easy electrode fabrication and significant action in water-splitting devices. To date, various synthetic approaches and modern characterization techniques have effectively been anticipated for upgraded OER activity. Moreover, the discussed electrode catalysts have emerged as the most hopeful constituents and received massive appreciation in OER with low overpotential and long-term cyclic stability. This review article broadly confers the recent progress research in OER, the general mechanistic approaches, challenges to enhance the catalytic performances and future directions for the scientific community.

High efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly-natured bi-functional-based perovskite electrode catalysts (BFPEC) are receiving increasing attention for oxygen reduction/oxygen evolution reaction (ORR/OER), playing an important role in the electrochemical energy conversion process using fuel cells and rechargeable batteries. Herein, we highlighted the different kinds of synthesis routes, morphological studies and electrode catalysts with A-site and B-site substitution co-substitution, generating oxygen vacancies studies for boosting ORR and OER activities. However, perovskite is a novel type of oxide family, which shows the state-of-art electrocatalytic performances in energy storage device applications. In this review article, we go through different types of BFPECs that have received massive appreciation and various strategies to promote their electrocatalytic activities (ORR/OER). Based on these various properties and their applications of BFPEC for ORR/OER, the general mechanism, catalytic performance and future outlook of these electrode catalysts have also been discussed.