Search

In recent years, with close cooperation between different disciplines, more and more smart “all-in-one” theranostic nanoplatforms with stimulus-responsive capability have been designed for biomedical applications, attracting much attention around the world. In this context, the stimuli-responsive components play a decisive role in the design of theranostic nanoagents with in vivo spatiotemporal mode. In this review, we outline some typical design strategies of responsive nanoplatforms for efficient cancer therapy from both material and biological perspectives. From the materials point of view, researchers have designed the smart nanoplatforms by functionalized modifications or doping strategy combined with adjustable or variable skeleton structure to achieve promising biomedical applications. From the biological point of view, the constructed nanoplatforms targeting the different physiological factors that characterize specific diseases are hopeful to address the challenges posed by the pathological environment in a specifical and efficient way, in order to achieve an individualized therapy. Finally, we prospect the present limitations and future development of responsive smart biomaterials.

Aiming at reducing energy consumptions in data writing, the development of new memory materials is highly required. To develop new phase change materials (PCMs) with extremely low operation energy used in non-volatile memory, such as storage-class memory, we performed Bayesian optimization for the physical properties of PCMs through numerical simulations. In this numerical simulation, the electrical potential and temperature distribution were solved simultaneously. It was found that a PCM with low thermal conductivity, low melting temperature, and low ratio of contact resistance to volumetric resistance results in a low operation energy of a PCM-based memory application. Finally, we developed a design strategy for PCMs. New PCMs should be developed by lowering the operation energy E, described as E = κ(1 + C)ΔT/Δz, where κ is the thermal conductivity of the PCM, ΔT is the melting temperature, C is the ratio of contact resistance to the volumetric resistance, and Δz is the thickness of the PCM. The present results clarify the relationship between thermal and electrical properties for lowering operation energy ever hidden in previous studies. According to the design strategy, an operation energy in phase change memory application can be decreased to less than 1/100 compared with conventional Ge-Sb-Te compounds.

While the recent research in manufacturing bi-metallic structures using wire and arc directed energy deposition focuses on feasibility studies to understand material compatibility, the study presented here encircles a larger design framework, integrating deposition process, intermediate surface conditions, and mutual deposition (hatching) direction. The investigation addresses the issues associated with manufacturing actual bi-metallic structures and shades light on the intrinsic mechanism responsible for process-induced anisotropy and resulting interfacial strength. Interfacial shear tests of the candidate bi-metallic pair of low-carbon steel-316L stainless steel reveal that the intermediate machining before deposition of the second material, if deposited with low dilution and low heat input has a limited effect on the final build quality. The deposition direction influences the isotropy, i.e., strength improves when the shear force acts transversely to the deposition direction of the second material. Interlocking promoted by favorable deposition direction, as revealed by fractography, combined with metallurgical bonding, enhances the interfacial strength. Despite element migration and hardness spike in the interface up to 500 HV due to martensitic needles, a defect-free bi-metallic structure was possible with shear strengths over 400 MPa. The investigation contributes to the fundamental understanding of the approaches suitable for the deposition of sound bi-metallic structures.

[Display omitted] • A reviewed is presented on recent design strategies of responsive nanoplatforms. • Different types of stimulus responses applied for cancer therapy are discussed. • Perspectives of material structure and the physiological environment are discussed. • The future prospects for cancer theranostics and diagnosis are presented. In recent years, with close cooperation between different disciplines, more and more smart "all-in-one" theranostic nanoplatforms with stimulus-responsive capability have been designed for biomedical applications, attracting much attention around the world. In this context, the stimuli-responsive components play a decisive role in the design of theranostic nanoagents with in vivo spatiotemporal mode. In this review, we outline some typical design strategies of responsive nanoplatforms for efficient cancer therapy from both material and biological perspectives. From the materials point of view, researchers have designed the smart nanoplatforms by functionalized modifications or doping strategy combined with adjustable or variable skeleton structure to achieve promising biomedical applications. From the biological point of view, the constructed nanoplatforms targeting the different physiological factors that characterize specific diseases are hopeful to address the challenges posed by the pathological environment in a specifical and efficient way, in order to achieve an individualized therapy. Finally, we prospect the present limitations and future development of responsive smart biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Design strategy of phase change material properties are developed for low-energy memory application. • Low operation energy condition is explored automatically through Bayesian optimization. • Operation energy is lowered by decreasing thermal conductivity, ratio of volume resistance to contact resistance and phase change temperature. • According to the developed design strategy, operation energy of typical Ge-Sb-Te can be decreased to less than 1/100 in phase change memory application. Aiming at reducing energy consumptions in data writing, the development of new memory materials is highly required. To develop new phase change materials (PCMs) with extremely low operation energy used in non-volatile memory, such as storage-class memory, we performed Bayesian optimization for the physical properties of PCMs through numerical simulations. In this numerical simulation, the electrical potential and temperature distribution were solved simultaneously. It was found that a PCM with low thermal conductivity, low melting temperature, and low ratio of contact resistance to volumetric resistance results in a low operation energy of a PCM-based memory application. Finally, we developed a design strategy for PCMs. New PCMs should be developed by lowering the operation energy E , described as E = κ (1 + C)Δ T /Δ z , where κ is the thermal conductivity of the PCM, Δ T is the melting temperature, C is the ratio of contact resistance to the volumetric resistance, and Δ z is the thickness of the PCM. The present results clarify the relationship between thermal and electrical properties for lowering operation energy ever hidden in previous studies. According to the design strategy, an operation energy in phase change memory application can be decreased to less than 1/100 compared with conventional Ge-Sb-Te compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Realisation of bi-metallic laminates by wire-arc additive manufacturing. • Evaluation of design strategies for sound and defect-free deposition. • Significant impact of mutual direction of deposition on shear strength. • Performance enhancement by interlocking aided metallurgical bonding. • Limited effect of intermediate machining before second material deposition. While the recent research in manufacturing bi-metallic structures using wire and arc directed energy deposition focuses on feasibility studies to understand material compatibility, the study presented here encircles a larger design framework, integrating deposition process, intermediate surface conditions, and mutual deposition (hatching) direction. The investigation addresses the issues associated with manufacturing actual bi-metallic structures and shades light on the intrinsic mechanism responsible for process-induced anisotropy and resulting interfacial strength. Interfacial shear tests of the candidate bi-metallic pair of low-carbon steel-316L stainless steel reveal that the intermediate machining before deposition of the second material, if deposited with low dilution and low heat input has a limited effect on the final build quality. The deposition direction influences the isotropy, i.e., strength improves when the shear force acts transversely to the deposition direction of the second material. Interlocking promoted by favorable deposition direction, as revealed by fractography, combined with metallurgical bonding, enhances the interfacial strength. Despite element migration and hardness spike in the interface up to 500 HV due to martensitic needles, a defect-free bi-metallic structure was possible with shear strengths over 400 MPa. The investigation contributes to the fundamental understanding of the approaches suitable for the deposition of sound bi-metallic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]