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The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of hydrochloric acid associated with the abrasive effect of toothbrushing on the surface condition of three flowable composite resins used for direct restoration. Seventy samples of each composite resin: Grandio Flow (VOCO, Germany)—group A, Filtek Ultimate Flow (3M-ESPE, MN, USA)—group B, G-aenial Flo X (GC Europe)—group C were prepared, submersed in hydrochloric acid 30% for 60 min and then submitted to simulated toothbrushing procedure using 5000 cycles with toothbrushes with medium and hard bristles, immediately after the chemical attack, after 30 min or without any chemical attack. The sample's surface roughness was analyzed using a noncontact profilometer (Dektak XT, Bruker, USA). ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni tests, with a p < 0.05, were used to analyze the values. Hydrochloric acid action for 60 min and six months of toothbrushing using toothbrushes having medium hardness or firm bristles affects the surface roughness of tested flowable composite resins. Toothbrushing with firm bristles immediately after acidic challenge determines increased surface roughness for two of the three flowable composite resins (Grandio Flow and Filtek Ultimate Flow). Toothbrushing with medium or firm bristles thirty minutes after the acidic aggression determine no effect on surface condition of flowable composite resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]