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The pursuit of an advanced functional coating that simultaneously combines high hardness, wear resistance, and superior electrical conductivity has remained an elusive goal in the field of copper alloy surface enhancement. Traditional solid solution alloying methods often lead to a significant increase in electron scattering, resulting in a notable reduction in electrical conductivity, making it challenging to achieve a balance between high hardness, wear resistance, and high conductivity. The key lies in identifying a suitable microstructure where dislocation motion is effectively hindered while minimizing the scattering of conductive electrons. In this study, a novel Cu-MoSi 2 coating was successfully fabricated on a CuCrZr alloy surface using the coaxial powder feeding high-speed laser cladding technique, with the addition of 10-30% MoSi 2 particles. The coating significantly enhances the hardness and wear resistance of the copper substrate while maintaining favorable electrical conductivity. As the quantity of MoSi 2 particles increases, the coating's hardness and wear resistance gradually improve, with minimal variance in conductivity. Among the coatings, the Cu-30%MoSi 2 coating stands out with the highest hardness (974.5 HV 0.5 ) and the lowest wear amount (0.062 mg/km), approximately 15 times the hardness of the copper base material (65 HV 0.5 ) and only 0.45% of the wear amount (13.71 mg/km). Additionally, the coating exhibits a resistivity of 0.173 × 10 -6 Ω·m. The extraordinary hardness and wear resistance of these coatings can be attributed to the dispersion strengthening effect of Mo x Si y particles, while the high electrical conductivity is due to the low silicon content dissolved into the copper from the released MoSi 2 particles, as well as the rapid cooling rates associated with the high-speed laser cladding process.

//Nb ss and α-Nb 5 Si 3 phases were detected. Meanwhile, Nb 2 C was observed, and the crystal forms of Nb 5 Si 3 changed in the C-doped composites. Furthermore, micron-sized and nano-sized Nb 2 C particles were found in the Nb ss layer. The orientation relationship of Nb 2 C phase and the surrounding Nb ss was [001] Nbss //[010] Nb2C , (200) Nbss //(101) Nb2C . Additionally, with the addition of C, the compressive strength of the composites, at 1400 °C, and the fracture toughness increased from 310 MPa and 11.9 MPa·m 1/2 to 330 MPa and 14.2 MPa·m 1/2 , respectively; the addition of C mainly resulted in solid solution strengthening., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

In this paper, the progress of the test methods and characterization approaches of aluminum alloys hardenability was reviewed in detail. The test method mainly included the traditional end-quenching method and the modified method. While the characterization approaches of alloy hardenability consist mainly of ageing hardness curves, solid solution conductivity curves, ageing tensile curves, time temperature transformation (TTT) curves, time temperature properties (TTP) curves, continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves, and advanced theoretical derivation method have appeared in recent years. The hardenability testing equipment for different tested samples with different material natures, engineering applications properties, and measurement sizes was introduced. Meanwhile, the improvement programmed proposed for shortcomings in the traditional hardenability testing process and the current deficiencies during the overall hardenability testing process were also presented. In addition, the influence factors from the view of composition design applied to the hardenability behaviors of Aluminum alloys were summarized. Among them, the combined addition of micro-alloying elements is considered to be a better method for improving the hardenability of high-strength aluminum alloys.

To solve the problem of silicide coatings on tantalum substrates failing due to elemental diffusion under high-temperature oxidation environments and to find diffusion barrier materials with excellent effects of impeding Si elemental spreading, TaB 2 and TaC coatings were prepared on tantalum substrates by the encapsulation and infiltration methods, respectively. Through orthogonal experimental analysis of the raw material powder ratio and pack cementation temperature, the best experimental parameters for the preparation of TaB 2 coatings were selected: powder ratio (NaF:B:Al 2 O 3 = 2.5:1:96.5 (wt.%)) and pack cementation temperature (1050 °C). After diffusion treatment at 1200 °C for 2 h, the thickness change rate of the Si diffusion layer prepared using this process was 30.48%, which is lower than that of non-diffusion coating (36.39%). In addition, the physical and tissue morphological changes of TaC and TaB 2 coatings after siliconizing treatment and thermal diffusion treatment were compared. The results prove that TaB 2 is a more suitable candidate material for the diffusion barrier layer of silicide coatings on tantalum substrates.

Ameliorating the high-temperature performance of cast Al-Si alloys used as engine components is essential. The effects of different T6 heat-treatment processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni-Cr alloys were investigated in the present study. The results demonstrate that, under the optimal solution treatment conditions of 500 °C for 2 h and 540 °C for 4 h, the T-Al 9 FeNi phase was present in the alloy, and the roundness of primary Si and the aspect ratio of eutectic Si in the alloy reached valley values of 1.46 and 2.56, respectively. With increasing ageing time at 180 °C, the tensile strength significantly improved, while the microhardness first increased and then decreased. When the ageing time was 4 h, microhardness reached a peak value of 155.82 HV. The fracture characteristics changed from quasi-cleavage to the coexistence of quasi-cleavage and dimples. After heat treatment, the high-temperature tensile properties of the alloy improved, which is a significant advantage compared to the as-cast alloy. The stable Al 3 Ni and Al 9 FeNi phases inhibited the cracking of the alloy at 350 °C.

A cold spray-laser cladding composite gradient coating (CLGC) was successfully formed on a Cu substrate. In comparison with traditional laser cladding gradient coatings (LGC), cold spraying the pre-set Ni-Cu alloy's intermediate transition layer not only mitigates the negative impacts due to the high reflectivity of the copper substrate but also helps to minimize the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between the substrate and coating. This reduces the overall crack sensitivity and improves the cladding quality of the coating. Besides this, the uniform distribution of hard phases in CLGC, such as Ni 11 Si 12 and Mo 5 Si 3 , greatly increases its microhardness compared to the Cu substrate, thus resulting in the value of 478.8 HV 0.5 being approximately 8 times that of the Cu substrate. The friction coefficient of CLGC is lowered compared to both the Cu substrate and LGC with respective values of 0.28, 0.54, and 0.43, and its wear rate is only one-third of the Cu substrate's. These results suggest CLGC has excellent anti-wear properties. In addition, the wear mechanism was determined from the microscopic morphology and element distribution and was found to be oxidative and abrasive. This approach combines cold spraying and laser cladding to form a nickel-based gradient coating on a Cu substrate without cracks, holes, or other faults, thus improving the wear resistance of the Cu substrate and improving its usability.

To improve the corrosion inhibition and wear resistance of materials, the pack cementation method was used to prepare chromized coatings on the surfaces of high-carbon T9 steel and low-carbon SPCC steel. The results showed the formation of a uniform and dense double-layer structure with a thickness of ~10 μm on the surfaces of two different types of steel. The coating layer for T9 steel was mainly composed of Cr 23 C 6 and Cr 7 C 3 , while that for SPCC steel was mainly composed of Cr 23 C 6 and Fe-Cr solid solution. Additionally, both of the steels showed different hardness distributions. The hardness measurements of the outer layers of the T9 steel and SPCC steel were ~1737.72 HV and 1771.91 HV, while the hardness values of the secondary layers were 1378.31 HV and 448.52 HV, respectively. The polarization curves in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution demonstrated the better corrosion resistance of the chromized coating. Chromizing increased the corrosion potential by ~0.2 V and reduced the corrosion current density by one order of magnitude. Under the presence of an 8 N load, the friction factor before and after the chromizing of T9 steel was about 0.69, and the mass wears were 2 mg and 0.6 mg, respectively. Meanwhile, the friction factor of the SPCC steel before and after chromizing was about 0.73, with respective mass wears of 2 mg and 2.9 mg. The wear resistance of T9 steel after chromizing was superior, but it became worse after chromizing for the SPCC steel.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBS) are becoming more popular as the use of energy storage devices grows, owing to advantages such as safety and an abundant zinc supply. In this study, molybdenum powder was loaded directly on carbon fiber cloth (CFC) via multi-arc ion plating to obtain Mo@CFC, which was then oxidatively heated in a muffle furnace for 20 min at 600 °C to produce high mass loading α-MoO 3 @CFC (α-MoO 3 of 12-15 mg cm -2 ). The cells were assembled with α-MoO 3 @CFC as the cathode and showed an outstanding Zn 2+ storage capacity of 200.8 mAh g -1 at 200 mA g -1 current density. The capacity retention rate was 92.4 % after 100 cycles, along with an excellent cycling performance of 109.8 mAh g -1 following 500 cycles at 1000 mA g -1 current density. Subsequently, it was shown that CFC-loaded α-MoO 3 cathode material possessed significantly improved electrochemical performance when compared to a cell constructed from commercial MoO 3 using conventional slurry-based electrode methods. This work presents a novel yet simple method for preparing highly loaded and binder-free cathodic materials for aqueous ZIBs. The results suggest that the highly loaded cathode material with a high charge density may be potentially employed for future flexible device assembly and applications.