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It’s meaningful to design and fabricate novel high-performance carbon anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, 3-aminophenol-formaldehyde resin/silica nanorods were synthesized via a sol–gel transcription method, using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide as the template and pentanol as co-structure directing agent. After carbonization at 600 °C and removal of silica, carbonaceous nanorods with N content of 7.87 wt% and specific surface area of 551.3 m 2 g −1 were obtained. They showed a stable discharge capacity of 696.7 mAh g −1 after 400 cycles. Carbonaceous nanorods (comprising 9.6 wt% β-SiC) with N content of 1.22 wt% and specific surface area of 1079.1 m 2 g −1 were also obtained at 1400 °C. They showed a stable discharge capacity of 457.9 mAh g −1 after 400 cycles. The results prove that the synthesized N-doped carbonaceous nanorods are good anode candidates for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]