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In current years, enormous researches have accomplished about an effect of Non-metallic inclusions, in the direction of maximizing productivity and to reduce the effect at the environment. Nowadays many steel manufacturers, not able to produce completely pure steel. Inclusions are compound material embedded inside the steel during the manufacturing process, which primarily affects the homogeneity of steel. A literature review was performed to obtain the effects of inclusions in alloy steels on their machinability and compares the performances of EN alloy steels for different machinability aspects through the whole of machining under the dry circumstance. Cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut were the dominant governing parameters. The present works compares the machining of three different alloy steels and the behavior of numerous non-metallic inclusions in them. The effects of chemical composition and inclusions on machinability factors including resultant cutting force, chip morphology, and its microstructures are discussed. EN 1A Pb&Te alloy steel experiences the lower cutting force thus provides better machinability.

Natural fiber reinforced composites are gaining more consideration by automakers and researchers to exploit in industrial applications due to lightweight, eco-friendly and sustainability. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of natural fiber reinforced composites, effect of chemical treatments on natural fibers, manufacturing techniques and potential applications. The effects of various chemical treatments on natural fibers leads to altering the mechanical and thermal properties are studied. The applications of natural fibers reinforced composites are used in various industries such as automobile, aircraft, building, musical, sports and household applications are presented. The conclusion reveals that chemical treatment of the natural fiber enhances bonding between the fiber and matrix which ultimately improved the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites.

This paper details the development of a hybrid process to machine micro-holes on a difficult to machine material like titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy using a magnetic field-assisted electric discharge machining process. In EDM machining of micro-holes, there are certain issues like the circulation of dielectric and removal of debris which results in, a low aspect ratio of the hole, low material removal rate, deformed machined geometry, high tool wear rate and low surface integrity of workpiece. This research work aims to overcome these issues by combining processes like the magnetic field in the sparking region and the addition of powder particles to the dielectric medium. To study the effect of this hybrid process, the orthogonal array was formed and trials were conducted using the parameters input current (Ip), voltage (V), pulse on time (Ton) and pulse off time (Toff). The experimental results were compared with the non-hybrid machining process. The result shows that the material removal rate is considerably increased in the hybrid process.

In the present research, work focus has been given to determine mechanical properties of biodegradable industrial waste tea leaf fiber (WTLF), banana and flax fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites using experimental approach. Banana fibers and WTLF were alkali treated with 5% NaOH solution. The hybrid composite laminates were manufactured using manually operated compression moulding machine with the volume fraction of 40:60 (Fiber: Matrix). As per ASTM standard, the mechanical characteristics were studied. The experimental results showed excellent mechanical characteristics for 5 wt% WTLF and 25- wt% banana fiber reinforced hybrid composites. The fractography analysis of untreated and alkali treated composites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and results revealed that superior mechanical bonding existed between fiber and polymer in case of alkali treated fiber composites.

Nowadays Titanium and its alloy materials are highly preferred for the parts of aircraft structures due to their unique properties such as good corrosive resistant and higher strength to weight ratio is sustained even at increased temperature. Even though these alloy materials are wicked for its low thermal conductivity and categorized as hard to machine alloys. Drilling of titanium alloys is a critical machining process in the fields such as medical, automobile and defence applications. In this alloy Ti–6Al–4V alloy is generally used for parts that need higher reliability therefore, surface finish and various failure to the adjacent surface layers of machined areas must to be resolved as per the customer requirement. This research work focuses on experimental study and optimization of machining parameter during dry drilling of titanium alloy (grade 5). An 8 mm diameter and 120 degree point angle solid carbide drill bits are used to carry out the experiments. The range of drilling spindle speed chosen for the experiment was between 20 to 50 m/min also feed rates were 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mm/rev. Experimental analysis was done by focusing on surface roughness, circularity, hole diameter and exit burr for maintaining good quality hole. A Portable surface roughness measuring device was utilised to find surface roughness in the direction of feed on work piece material. Circularity and diameter of the machined hole was found by co-ordinate measuring machine (Contura-G2-Zeiss). From this experimental investigation it is found that feed has higher significance on surface finish when compared to drilling speed but when considering the circularity error speed has higher significance. Optimization and validation of experimental results was done by using the application of Taguchi’sdesign of experiments with signal to noise ratio graph and ANOVA

Fiber reinforced plastic composites replace wood and metals due to their light weight, high strength to weight ratio, noncorrosive nature and stiffness. Bio based fibers are used in place of petroleum based fibers because of environmental concerns. Natural fibers exhibit low specific strength and light density, processing and recycling are simple. New materials are being developed and grow every day. The high strength, light weight and biodegradability of natural fiber composites such as sisal, jute, kenaf, snake grass and banana fiber has made polymer composites were more attractive. The fiber is subjected to chemical pretreatments using alkali treatment (mercerization). This research has created composites of glass-jute-tea leaf fiber-reinforced polymers and assessed their mechanical characteristics such as tensile, flexural and impact test. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is being used to evaluate the interfacial characteristics, inner cracks and inner structures of broken surfaces. The experimental results showed 10% glass fiber, 20% jute fiber and 10% tea leaf fiber produced the optimum mechanical properties and it can be alternative material for pure glass fiber reinforced polymer composite.

Custom 465 steel is a martensitic, age-hardenable alloy having a superior combination of strength and corrosion cracking resistance, which are commonly used in aerospace industries. When machining Custom 465 steel, tool-work interface temperature and tool wear are the major parameters which influences the machinability factors at a greater extend. Even though, researchers have performed many operations based on this subject, no significant data’s were available regarding the Custom 465 steel. A dry machining operation known for its ecological desirable and cost effective process was implemented to experimentally investigate the tool wear and tool-work interface temperature when machining Custom 465 steel using uncoated, TiAlN and TiCN coated carbide cutting tool inserts with a cutting speed of 100 m/min and 200 m/min and also the effects of cutting speed on tool wear and tool-work interface temperature were also determined. The highest tool life of 6.15 minutes was recorded for TiAlN coated insert at a cutting speed of 2000 rotations per minute (rpm), feed rate of 200 mm/min and depth of cut of 0.5 mm. The maximum tool wear recorded for TiAlN coated insert was 0.25 mm and the maximum temperature on the tool-work impact was 142.43 degrees. In all cutting speeds, TiAlN coated insert outperformed uncoated and TiCN coated insert in term of tool life and temperature. For a cutting speed of 2000 rpm and above uncoated inserts are not suitable to be used for machining Custom 465 steel due to the rapid wear of cutting edge.