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Abstract: In this paper, a suitable model of distributed supply-chains (DSCs) is presented with the aim of providing a tool for DSC decentralised optimisation. To cope with this challenge, in the first part of the paper, a general model for distributed supply-chain including suppliers, processing units, assemblers, and transportation systems is presented with the aim of keeping the framework as general as possible. In the second part of the paper, an optimisation algorithm is also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Traditional discounting dramatically affects the outcome of catastrophic risk management and spatio-temporal vulnerability modeling. The misperception of discount rates produces inadequate evaluations of risk management strategies, which may provoke catastrophes and significantly contribute to the increasing vulnerability of our society. This paper analyses the implication of potential catastrophic events on the choice of discounting. In particular, it shows the necessity of using proposed equivalent undiscounted stopping time criterion and Monte Carlo based stochastic optimization procedures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]