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Background and Objective: Vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome are 2 very common health problems in the Spanish population. It has been suggested that patients with metabolic syndrome may be vitamin D deficient more often than subjects without it and that low vitamin D levels may predispose to metabolic syndrome development. However, the results of prospective and intervention studies have been different and such relationship remains unclear. We assessed the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome., Patients and Methods: We undertook a population-based cohort study in Spain. At baseline (1996-1998), 1,226 subjects were evaluated. Follow-up visits were performed in 2002-2004 and 2005-2007.At baseline and follow-up, participants underwent an interview and a standardized clinical examination with an oral glucose tolerance test in those subjects without known diabetes. At the second visit, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and intact parathyroid hormone levels were measured., Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome at the second and third visit was 29.4 and 42.5%, respectively. Mean levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were lower in subjects with metabolic syndrome: 21.7 (6.21) vs 23.35 (6.29) ng/ml, P<.001.The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D<20 ng/ml) at the second evaluation was 34.7%, with significant differences between subjects with and without metabolic syndrome(34.6 vs 26.5%, P<.01). Men with vitamin D deficiency had more frequently hypertension and metabolic syndrome than men with normal levels. Women with vitamin D deficiency had more frequently hyperglycemia, hypertension, increased waist circumference and hypertriglyceridemia. In a prospective study, 25-hydroxyvitamin D values<20 ng/ml were not significantly associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome in the next 5 years (odds ratio 0,99, 95% confidence interval 0.57-1.7, P=.97) after adjusting by sex and age., Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased prevalence but not with an increased incidence of metabolic syndrome., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The increasing prevalence worldwide is generating a great health and social concern. Clinical intervention studies such as the UKPDS have shown that although the metabolic control of DM2 may improve with intensive intervention programs, these are highly expensive and do not lead to an optimal metabolic control. For this reason, one of the main challenges in DM2 at present is its prevention. The natural history of DM2 is sufficiently well known and we know that before it is diagnosed, there is a former, often lasting years, "pre-diabetic state" that behaves as a vascular risk factor. In recent years numerous studies have shown that prevention of DM2 is possible. We critically review here the current situation of the disease., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to validate the ability of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) to predict the risk of DM2 in a population of south-eastern Spain (Pizarra Study)., Subjects and Methods: The Pizarra Study is a population-based prospective study developed in the town of Pizarra (Málaga). The first phase of the study was conducted in 1997-1998, including 1051 individuals aged 18-65 years randomly selected from the municipal census of the town. In 2003-2004 the subjects participating in the first study were reassessed. 824 individuals completed the second phase of the study (78.4%). All participants without known diabetes underwent an oral glucose tolerance test both at baseline and follow-up. We evaluated the ability of the FINDRISC to detect undiagnosed DM2 (first phase: cross-sectional study) and in predicting the incidence of DM2 (second phase: cohort study)., Results: The test showed good results both to detect undiagnosed DM2 (ROC-AUC 0.74) and to predict incident DM2 (ROC-AUC 0.75). The best prediction of risk of incident DM2 was found in those subjects with fasting glucose >100mg/dl and a FINDRISC ≥9 (OR: 19.37; 95%IC: 8,86-42,34; P<.0001)., Conclusions: The results of our study show that FINDRISC can be a useful tool to detect subjects at high risk of diabetes in this population., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the association between high levels of glycemia and low serum uric acid levels in two independent population-based samples., Patients and Methods: The first sample was taken from the Pizarra Study, a population-based prospective study of 1.226 persons classified according to their glycometabolic status, as measured from an oral glucose tolerance test. Variables recorded included anthropometric data, serum fasting insulin, uric acid (UA) and HOMA-IR. The second sample was obtained from the Central Laboratory Database, which includes 81,754 laboratory requests for HbA(1c) carried out over 30 months. We selected those that included measurements of UA, triglycerides and albuminuria., Results: In the Pizarra Study, the fasting glucose levels showed a bell-shaped relation with serum UA levels in men and more especially in women (P<0.0001). In the second sample, the UA levels in women showed a bell-shaped relation with HbA(1c), increasing as the HbA(1c) rose to 7% and then falling with the further increase of HbA(1c) (P<0.0001). Men experienced a linear decrease in UA levels as the HbA(1c) rose (r=-0.19; P<0.0001), though only with effect from HbA(1c) values > 7%. The odds ratio for hyperuricemia (≥ 6mg/dL in women and ≥ 7mg/dL in men) fell continuously as the HbA(1c) levels rose., Conclusions: This study, undertaken in two different populations, showed that serum UA levels are non-linearly correlated with the levels of glucose, HbA(1c) and HOMA-IR, especially in women. The risk of hyperuricemia and gout may be higher in persons with prediabetic states or with better-controlled diabetes than in persons with poorly-controlled diabetes., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: In recent years, there has been an increased interest in depression and diabetes risk factors. Our objectives were 1) Study the variables associated with the presence of depression in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), 2) to analyze potential risk factors for depression in these patients, and 3) to study a possible explanatory model of depression scores in these patients., Patients and Methods: 207 patients with DM1. We evaluated sociodemographic and biomedical variables by means of a structured interview. We assessed psychological variables by means of the Scale for Depression in Type 1 Diabetes (EDDI-1) and the Spanish version of Diabetes Quality of Life (Es DQOL)., Results: Prevalence of depression was 21,7%. Variables associated with risk of depression in this sample were to be female; be unemployed; smoking; having complications of diabetes or other physical conditions; not perceiving family support or support from friends or colleagues in relation to diabetes; having a high number of weekly hyperglycemia; and a poor quality of life. A model based on previous research was obtained. This model explains a high percentage of the variability in the scores of patients in the EDDI-1., Conclusions: These results provide an empirical support to the knowledge of the risk factors associated with depression in patients with DM1. Glycemic control and quality of life have an important effect on the scores of depression in these patients, providing information for their treatment., (Copyright © 2009 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate in a cross-section, populational study the association between daily physical activity and various metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk factors., Patients and Method: A total of 1226 randomly selected persons (aged 18-65 years) from a town in southeast Spain were evaluated for studying the association between the level of daily physical activity, both in and out of working hours, and the following variables: body mass index, plasma lipids, hypertension, obesity, altered baseline glycemia, and abnormal glucose tolerance., Results: The intensity of the physical activity at work was related negatively with insulin resistance and levels of LDL cholesterol, and positively with HDL cholesterol. The probability of hypertension, altered baseline glycemia, and abnormal glucose tolerance was greater in those undertaking less daily physical activity., Conclusions: Daily physical activity, considered as part of the lifestyle, is related with the presence of components of the metabolic syndrome. An increase in daily physical activity should contribute to improve preventible cardiovascular risk factors.