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Purpose: To compare psychological responses to, and preferences for, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and sprint interval training (SIT) among inactive adults; and to investigate the relationships between affect, enjoyment, exercise preferences, and subsequent exercise behavior over a 4-wk follow-up period. Methods: Thirty inactive men and women (21.23 ± 3.81 yr), inexperienced with HIIT or SIT, completed three trials of cycle ergometer exercise in random order on separate days: MICT (45 min continuous; approximately 70% to 75% of HR maximum (HRmax)); HIIT (10 × 1 min bouts at approximately 85% to 90% HRmax with 1-min recovery periods); and SIT (3 × 20-s “all-out” sprints with 2-min recovery periods). Perceived exertion (RPE), affect, and arousal were measured throughout the trials and enjoyment was measured postexercise. Participants rank-ordered the protocols (1–3) according to preference and logged their exercise over a 4-wk follow-up. Results: Despite elevated HR, RPE, and arousal during work periods (P ’s < 0.05), and negative affect during HIIT and SIT, enjoyment and preferences for MICT, HIIT, and SIT were similar (P’ s > 0.05). In-task affect was predictive of postexercise enjoyment for each type of exercise (r’ s = 0.32 to 0.47; P’ s < 0.05). In-task affect and postexercise enjoyment predicted preferences for HIIT and SIT (r s’s = −0.34 to −0.61; P’ s < 0.05), but not for MICT (P’ s > 0.05), respectively. Over the follow-up, participants completed more MICT (M = 6.11 ± 4.12) than SIT sessions (M = 1.39 ± 1.85; P < 0.01, d = 1.34). Although participants tended to complete more sessions of MICT than HIIT (M = 3.54 ± 4.23; P = 0.16, d = 0.56), and more sessions of HIIT than SIT (P = 0.07, d = 0.60), differences were not significant. In-task affect predicted the number of sessions of MICT (r = 0.40; P < 0.05), but not HIIT or SIT (P’ s > 0.05). Conclusions: This study provides new evidence that a single session of HIIT and SIT can be as enjoyable and preferable as MICT among inactive individuals and that there may be differences in the exercise affect–behavior relationship between interval and continuous exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental support of healthy movement behaviours (i.e., daily physical activity, PA; reduced sedentary behaviours, SB; and adequate sleep) is important, particularly in children and youth with disabilities (CYWD), who are often less active and more sedentary, on average, compared with typically developing children. The COVID-19 pandemic and related public health restrictions have limited children's PA and increased SBs and placed significant stress on families of CYWD. Parental support of healthy movement behaviours may be critical in mitigating the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic for CYWD. PURPOSE: To assess the association between parental support and healthy movement behaviours in CYWD during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We recruited parents of school-aged CYWD (n=151) in April/May 2020. Parents assessed their child's previous 7-day PA, SB, and sleep, perceived changes in their child's movement behaviours due to the COVID-19 restrictions, and perceived parental support of their child's movement behaviours during COVID-19. We assessed the association between movement behaviours and parental factors using Pearson and point-biserial correlations, where *=p<.05 and **=p<.01. RESULTS: Few CYWD were meeting the combined healthy movement behaviour guidelines (1.3%) during the initial phase (April/May 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Parent encouragement was positively associated with increased child's outdoor PA (.23**), wheeling, walking, and biking (.19**), indoor PA (.16**), chores (.19*), and family-based PA (.26**). Parental co-play was similarly positively associated with the child's increased outdoor PA (.26**), wheeling, walking, and biking (.39**), and family-based PA (.26**). Overall parent capability and opportunity to support movement behaviours was positively associated with the child's increased child's outdoor PA (.38**), wheeling, walking, and biking (.26**), chores (.16*), and family-based PA (.37**), as well as increased sleep quality (0.31**) and decreased screen time (-.22**). CONCLUSIONS: Parents of CYWD have an important role in encouraging healthy movement behaviours. As we recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, return to play recommendations should consider the role of the family in supporting healthy movement behaviours in CYWD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine objective and subjective quantification of habitual physical activity (HPA) and sedentary time in ambulatory and nonambulatory adults with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: We recruited a clinical sample of adults with CP (N = 42; 21 women; mean (SD) age, 33.5 (12.3) yr; Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) distribution: level 1 (n = 5), level II (n = 9), level 111 (n = 10), level IV (n = 11), and level V (n = 7). Objective measures of HPA and sedentary time were obtained by using ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers at both hip and wrist sites. Three previously established cut-point values distinguishing light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were evaluated across GMFCS levels. The concurrent validity of the self-report Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with Spinal Cord Injury (PARA-SCI) was assessed for LPA and MVPA intensities in GMFCS levels II--V. Results: Participants showed little reluctance to wearing accelerometers; one participant reported discomfort. Nonambulatory adults (GMFCS levels IV-V) differed from ambulatory adults (GMFCS levels I--III) for recorded activity counts (hip and wrist sites), minutes of MVPA with each cut-point value, and breaks from sedentary time (all P < 0.05). For the same measures, adults in GMFCS level III also differed from GMFCS level I (all P < 0.05). The PARA-SCI correlated significantly with accelerometer-derived minutes of MVPA per day (r = 0.396; P = 0.014) and per hour of monitoring time (r = 0.356; P = 0.027). Conclusions: Our findings support the use of accelerometers to objectively measure HPA and sedentary behavior in adults with CP across the severity spectrum, regardless of cut-point implementation. The PARA-SCI is a valid tool to capture subjectively reported patterns of MVPA in adults with CP who are GMFCS levels II-V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public health restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have dramatically impacted children and youth's ability to engage in the recommended amount of physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep ('movement behaviours') for optimal health. There is heightened concern of the impact of this sudden 'time out' of active play for our most vulnerable children and youth including those living with disabilities who have a higher prevalence of multiple chronic conditions and less access to PA. PURPOSE: To assess the acute and longer-term impact of COVID-19 restrictions on the movement behaviours and guideline adherence in Canadian children and youth with disabilities. METHODS: Parents of school-aged children and youth with disabilities completed an online survey to assess their child's previous 7-day PA, SB, and sleep. Parents' perceived changes in their child's movement behaviours between pre-COVID-19 and (a) April-May 2020 (time 1; N = 151) and (b) April-November 2020 (time 2; N = 87) were also assessed. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze child behavioural patterns and guideline adherence. RESULTS: At time 1, 5.3%, 13.2%, and 66.2% of children and youth met the individual guidelines for PA, SB, and sleep, respectively. Only 1.3% of children and youth met all three movement guidelines. Similarly, at time 2, 7.2%, 20.7%, and 66.3% of children and youth met the individual guidelines for PA, SB and sleep, respectively; none met all three movement guidelines. Parents reported their child to spend less time in both outdoor (60% vs. 62.1%) and indoor (46% vs. 60.9%) PA, and more time in recreational screen time (83.5% vs. 77%) across time 1 and 2, respectively. The majority of parents reported their child's sleep quantity and quality to be the same as pre-pandemic levels for both time 1 (53.1% and 57.3%) and time 2 (77.6% and 64.4%). CONCLUSIONS: These results show very concerning PA and SB profiles of children and youth with disabilities over the early and subsequent periods of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-COVID-19. Immediate action at the programmatic and policy levels is need for more accessible and inclusive strategies to increase PA and reduce SB in this vulnerable population of children and youth. Supported by Canadian Tire Jumpstart Charities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Interval exercise training can elicit physiological adaptations similar to those of traditional endurance training, but with reduced time. However, the intense nature of specific protocols, particularly the "all-out" efforts characteristic of sprint interval training (SIT), may be perceived as being aversive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether listening to self-selected music can reduce the potential aversiveness of an acute session of SIT by improving affect, motivation, and enjoyment, and to examine the effects of music on performance. Methods: Twenty moderately active adults (22 ± 4 yr) unfamiliar with interval exercise completed an acute session of SIT under two different conditions: music and no music. The exercise consisted of four 30-s "all-out" Wingate Anaerobic Test bouts on a cycle ergometer, separated by 4 min of rest. Peak and mean power output, RPE, affect, task motivation, and perceived enjoyment of the exercise were measured. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate changes in dependent measures over time and between the two conditions. Results: Peak and mean power over the course of the exercise session were higher in the music condition (coefficient = 49.72 [SE = 13.55] and coefficient = 23.65 [SE = 11.30]; P < 0.05). A significant time by condition effect emerged for peak power (coefficient = -12.31 [SE = 4.95]; P < 0.05). There were no between-condition differences in RPE, affect, or task motivation. Perceived enjoyment increased over time and was consistently higher in the music condition (coefficient = 7.00 [SE = 3.05]; P < 0.05). Conclusion: Music enhances in-task performance and enjoyment of an acute bout of SIT. Listening to music during intense interval exercise may be an effective strategy for facilitating participation in, and adherence to, this form of training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]