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Various types of portable X-ray apparatuses are compared. These apparatuses can be used for roentgenography under nonstationary conditions, in particular, at home. Various configurations of equipment for mobile X-ray systems (including X-ray image detectors, processing machines, information read-out and processing devices, X-ray protection equipment) are considered.

Implementation of the National Project "Health" in the area of X-ray diagnostic equipment supply to public health organizations is considered. The prospects for replacement of outdated X-ray equipment within the framework of the National Project are discussed. Advantages of digital X-ray diagnostic equipment and the expedience of its wide use in the implementation of the National Project are substantiated.

The results of testing of hardware and software for monitoring parameters (mean number of CT units, noise, field uniformity, high-contrast spatial resolution, layer width, dose) and characteristics (modulation transfer function) of X-ray computer tomographs are presented. The developed hardware and software are used to monitor the stability of X-ray computer tomograph parameters under operation conditions.

The main results of engineering, biomedical, and clinical testing of MINISKAN mobile gamma-ray camera are presented. Specific features of the camera hardware and software, as well as the main technical specifications, are described. The gamma-ray camera implements a new technology based on reconstructive tomography, aperture encoding, and digital processing of signals.

The results of testing of a software package for automated monitoring of the performance of X-ray diagnostic equipment are presented.

The immediate prospects of development of radiodiagnostic equipment on the basis of digital systems for medical image representation and processing are considered. Special attention is paid to development of X-ray diagnostic systems.

Possibility of use of mobile fluorographic rooms based on KAMAZ trucks for mass-scale prophylactic examinations of rural population of the Russian Federation is discussed. The mobile rooms are equipped with digital fluorographic systems. A list of the main medical and performance characteristics of these systems is presented. An example of equipment location in a mobile room is given.

Problems of development of a uniform nomenclature of medical goods are considered. The importance of compliance of the developed uniform nomenclature with numerous existing standards is emphasized. The uniform nomenclature should also be approved by administrative institutions in the field of medicine.

Three variants of specifications of control devices designed to monitor electrical and radiation characteristics of X-ray apparatuses are described. These are: autonomous device, device with portable (pocket), computer, and device compatible with automated working place of roentgenologist. Results of experimental tests are discussed.

An original method for determination of the effective dose received by patient during digital scanning fluorographic examination from the results of measurement of radiation dose scattered by patient's body was suggested. This method does not require radiation detector to be exposed to working field. This method of determination of the effective dose of radiation scattered by patient's body can be used in scanning radiography.

Described are the results of testing of methods of the new 01-22-04 standard designed for monitoring the image-quality parameters of digital X-ray converter-receivers (made alongside with tests of digital X-ray diagnostic units ProScan-7000 and ProScan-2000).

The paper presents the study results related with operational properties of digital X-ray diagnostic systems designed on the basis of silicon detectors. Suggestions are defined for the use of evaluation methods applicable to image parameters with respect to the properties of an examined object.

There is a description of a new digital fluorograph designed at "Roentgenoprom" Ltd. Co., Moscow. A specially constructed linear detector and new soft are used in it, which essentially enhances the image quality.

There is a description of a multifunctional portable unit designed for measurement of anode voltage at the X-ray tube, capacity of exposition dose and of exposition time (i.e. of X-ray diagnostic parameters).

Theoretical and experimental research results related with the influence of correlation of signals in neighboring elements of digital X-ray receiver-transformer produced on the evaluation of the output ratio noise/signal and, as a consequence, on the evaluation of quantum registration efficiency are described in the paper.

Recommendations on an optimal choice of mammography settings and on evaluating a dose load received by patient are presented and substantiated in the paper.

In view of digital X-ray systems, some of the classical X-ray equipment needs to be revised since, still remaining the fundamental in the classical film-based X-ray technology, they acquired an entirely differing meaning in digital systems, which is demonstrated in the paper on the basis of samples borrowed from practice.

Models of color vision are discussed on the basis of determining the difference between the signals of sensors of white (rods) and color (cones) vision. It was shown that the whole optical spectrum (RGB) can be obtained, provided only two and four types of sensors are used within a three-component model of color detection. The described models provide for comprehensive explanations to extensive experimental data on color vision.

The stock of fluorographs is rather amplitidinous (N = 5000) in our country, which makes it full replacement expensive and longstanding. Therefore, it is expedient to update equipment gradually by taking into account a stepwise reduction in patients' irradiation. Five types of modernization of film fluorographs, including replacement of screens, fluorographic cameras, X-ray feeders, film sensitivity were investigated.

The paper reviews the development of osteodensitometric equipment. The comparative characteristics of techniques for densitometry are presented. Their advantages and disadvantages are assessed.

The paper presents data on the closed joint-stock company AMIKO: basic lines of its activities, history, manufactured and designed products.

Green-sensitive intensifying screens and the similar X-ray films permit a drastic reduction in a dosage load on a patient and an increase in the sharpness of an image. Therefore there is a quest for introducing the above systems in Russian practice. The paper presents the relative characteristics of the systems ([symbol: see text]3) developed in the country and recommendations on their practical use: to increase anode voltage and to decrease exposure.

Great emphasis is placed on a FO-01 orthopantomographic phantom test for checking the position of the projection boundary of an isolated layer, its shape and thickness. The basic specific feature of the phantom test is that one can rather simply check the adjustment of orthopantomographs of different kinds (including digital ones) and make their comparative assessment by the projection of an isolated layer with certain resolution. Examples of projection nomograms of an isolated layer for different orthopantomographs, which are obtained by this test object are given.

The paper analyzes methods for assessing the quality of an image in X-ray complexes (emphasis being laid on digital systems) by using the test object detail-contrast. Two possible variants of design of the test object are presented. Data of experimental assessment and comparison of the parameter detail-contrast for number of X-radiation converting receivers are given.

At digital and film X-ray studies, the geometry of a survey exerts a varying effect on the system's resolution. This may lead to the better quality of digital X-ray image when actual magnification is performed.

The fields and prospects of use of a C-arm surgical X-ray apparatus with an image amplifier on a tube made in Russia or in foreign countries and a CCD matrix are analyzed. Poor use of the capacities of the apparatus is noted.

Specifications for the main element of a modern X-ray diagnostic device an X-ray feeder are formulated. There is evidence for choosing its parameters. The new rational routine of X-ray study and the layout of a X-ray room are proposed. Information on the up-to-date commercially manufactured basic medium-frequency general-purpose X-ray feeder "URP-30 SCh Amico" is given.

The X-ray dental equipment and photo-developing devices used for dentistry in Russia, the absorbed doses per tooth examination, and allied digital (sensory) transducers are considered.

The authors, specialists in medical X-ray engineering, have been engaged in it for about 40 years, forecast that this medical engineering field will be under development and regard its development as transition to a qualitative new level prepared by latest technologies in X-ray apparatus making, digital television, and computed technology rather than an ultimate landmark of evolution.

The paper shows the advantages of digital versus routine film fluorography, which allows a user to make a choice of the type of an apparatus for fluorographic examination. The expenses of a fluorographic room on developing equipment and expendable materials for different types of the room's equipment. It gives the cost and specific features of the use of current film and digital fluorographs and the data on the cost of an examination using film and digital fluorography in case of the most cost-effective fluorographic systems.