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This paper examines a particular aspect of Paolo Mantegazza's (1831-1910) work: the establishment of the Museo Psicologico as part of his anthropological project. The study begins by examining the general characteristics of Mantegazza's anthropological viewpoint, justifying the inclusion of comparative psychology as a subfield of anthropological psychology, with a focus on the key principles that served as the theoretical foundation for the establishment of the Museum. Subsequently, the proposal for the foundation of the Museum will be analyzed, including a description of the theoretical and methodological principles underlying the selection and arrangement of the objects to be collected. Finally, the paper will describe the Museo Psicologico at the time of its inauguration, providing an overview of its organization in the following years and an attempt to uncover the reasons behind its abrupt dissolution after the death of its founder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the practice of photojournalism in Spain and, specifically, focuses on the study of the graphic archive of the EFE Agency (1939-) and its own production, developed within and outside its borders. The acquisition of funds has been taken into consideration as part of this process and, in the same way, it has also been necessary to consider the creation, in the year 2000, of the digital graphic archive: The Photo Library, inheritance of the thematic classification of analog and the nomenclature and, in this process, the documentation system used has been contributed as a result of the conclusions - through primary sources and direct observation - with emphasis on the thematic classification used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between Erasmus and stoicism is very lightly discussed in contemporary political and philosophical historiography, being itself extremely relevant in helping to understand the complex spirituality of late 16th-century courtly and humanist circles. Moreover, it is of great interest with regards to the understanding of the anthropological and political limits of ErasmusÂ's project, whose philosophical sources have not been sufficiently analyzed. This paper aims to explain and clarify the nature of thus relation, positing it in the context of the great historical and intellectual problems of the Hispanic Monarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to the traditional interpretation that reduces Spanish-French rivalry to a succession of military confrontations that originated during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, this paper offers a more complex reading of the phenomena of emulation/competition and admiration/seduction between the two monarchies during the first phase of the Italian Wars. Thanks to a re-reading of diplomatic sources and propagandistic production, it shows to what extent the yearnings for religious reform, defence against Ottoman expansion or the recovery of the Christian East conditioned the perceptions and justifications of both powers, which needed the Apostolic See to legitimise their Mediterranean aspirations and their leadership in Christendom. However, there are differences in the means employed and in the degree of synergy with the papacy between the Valois and the last Trastamara monarchies that explain the ascendence of the latter in the early modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the evolution of the memory of the conflict known as the Rif War (1921-1926), both in Spain and Morocco, contrasting the visions in both countries and making a special emphasis on its main milestones and protagonists, such as the episode of Annual and the figure of Abdelkrim. In the Spanish case, both the Franco dictatorship and the democratic period up to the present day will be covered, while the Moroccan case will be analyzed from independence in 1956 to 2021, the date on which the centenary of Annual was commemorated. Attention will be paid to the political and social uses of history through the politics of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the presence of Spaniards in the Doctoral Colleges of Naples, from its erection in 1584 to 1699. The characteristics of the Colleges and the sociology of the doctors are explained and the graduates who declared themselves as Spaniard and those who were originally from Spain are studied. This provides a more accurate profile of the presence of Spaniard Doctors in Naples and allows new prosopographical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alexander the Great is a historical figure who has caught the interest of the academic and artistic world. In cinema, we must highlight the films by the American directors Robert Rossen and Oliver Stone. This paper reflects on the idea of empire that is developed here considering that the United States is the current empire and that both filmmakers show a critical position with certain policies of their country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses Eladio Esparza´s Basquism. Those opinions were published in multiple papers, such as, Diario de Navarra from 1910 to 1923 and from 1929 to 1952, El Pensamiento Navarro in 1911, La Voz de Navarra from 1923 to 1927 and Euzkadi from 1925 to 1929. In addition to being a native Basque speaker, his ideological evolution makes Eladio Esparza a particularly relevant figure. After directing the nationalist paper La Voz de Navarra and closely collaborating with Euzkadi, Eladio Esparza was the main formulator of foral-catholic navarrism in Diario de Navarra. His thesis in favour of spiritual Basquism and against a political Basquism, present in his novel La Dama del Lebrel Blanco are also relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The War of Polish Succession gave Spain the opportunity to renovate its policy of revisionism and reconquer Naples and Sicily in 1734-1735. In this paper we address the question of how this expedition was financed, which means were used, and how Campillo managed the affair. Archival sources witness the payment with loans by bankers in the form of bills of exchange. The bills were transferred by Italian houses of bank in Madrid to colleagues in Tuscany. In some occasions the Spanish government was able to send Spanish American bullion directly from Cadis to Naples. The paper studies the vicissitudes of payments processes, and the relations between bankers and Spanish military authorities, as well as the choice of sending bills or bullion as appropriate. This text is also an opportunity to observe the managerial role of an «intendente» of the army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carrera de Indias has been one of the areas of study that has received the most attention in historiography, especially on the relationships between Spain and America throughout the colonial period. The traffic of ships, men and merchandise continues to appeal considerable treatment, since the phenomenon presents enormous research possibilities: nautical, emigration, trade; but it is also true that the economic and human aspect has prevailed, leaving aside other dimensions. And so, among the emigrants settled there and the families that remained here, a large correspondence was maintained throughout the centuries of Modernity. Multiple references were made in these letters to the new life they were beginning in the West Indies. Among these references there was no shortage of those corresponding to life on board. This research paper aims to analyze what were the foods shipped for the journey to America and what recommendations were contained in the letters in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Early Modern Times, water was one of the most important natural resources, especially in arid or semi-arid regions such as La Mancha. In this territory, liquid element was barely used in agriculture, because watering farming was a residual activity. More important was its use in the processing industry, transforming the cereals grown in its fields into flour. This paper analyses the conditions of water exploitation in the Guadiana River basin during the pre-industrial period and focuses on the water mills that lined its riverbanks. It also examines other uses not linked to the milling and attempts to explain its geographical location and its technical evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The privileges of protection and immunity were a social and political reality common to European medieval kingdoms. In Iberian Peninsula, «coto» or «acotamiento» privileges played a main role in royal politics of the kingdom of León to preserve the royal jurisdiction in all territory and abandon the visigothic administrative model. In order to understand this role, it's essential to clarify the chronology, when monarchs used these privileges, and in which administrative context. This paper aims to offer a systematic study about their development, use and disuse; their main characteristics and their clauses evolution. To get it a database with all Galicia's published privileges, and so many unpublished, has been created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the critical opinion created and spread by various factions of power in Majorca, during the final years of a period of transition between two different government systems. The trial opened after a physical aggression suffered by the alleged author of a satire allows us to know the existence of social and political nature clashes: austracists against bourbons, Majorcans against outsiders, civil power against military power. It also allows us to observe both the way the critical literature was spread, and the societal manipulation carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vǫlsunga Saga is one of the sources of the greatest literary wealth produced in the medieval Nordic context. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the ways in which identity is configured within the family of the Volsungs during the representation of a rite of passage. During this process, some characters behave like wolves. It will be argued that the metamorphosis is determined by the structural pressure exerted on the body. It affects not only the transformed individual, but also the enemy group that will become its prey. Prior to that, we illustrate the conditions and the development of the rite of passage in which ancestors have the power to influence their offspring. Moreover, we will demonstrate how the definitions and obligations imposed by kinship structure characterize the enemy group as the «other» and legitimize the acts of violence committed upon them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the powerful influence of Cuba on the life and work of Benito Pérez Galdós, whether in his journalistic or literary production. Spaniard emigration to the Caribbean, the wars in Cuba and, in particular, the defeat of 1898, are recurring themes in his work, as well as the role played by the United States in the disappearance of the last Spanish overseas possessions and the threat of North American imperialism to the Hispanic culture of America. Galdós, therefore, coexisted with the importance of the Island for Spain in the 19th century, the impact of its loss and sympathy for the Cuban political project (liberal, secular and reformist). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the historical convergence between the Spanish Political Transition and the acceleration of the secularization process as a background, this paper examines the keys to understand the deactivation of the so called «religious question» from a socio-historical perspective and through the analysis of a collection of various historical materials (archives, statistics, oral sources, etc.). Thus, the article examines the consolidation of a «centrism», also in the socio-religious sphere, during the beginning of the construction of democracy in Spain, based on the potential relationship between Transition and secularization, and the reactivation of low-intensity culture wars, which were inserted in a democratic context from that moment on. Around these two axes we will present the characteristics and dilemmas of religious presence in a nonconfessional and increasingly secularized Spanish framework, in which not only was consensus on the religious question possible, but dissent was increasingly naturalised by democratic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as main objective to analyze from the press of greater circulation of Madrid the course of the regional and municipal elections that were held in Spain on 8th of May in 1983, in order to examine the argumentation and partisan positions of the newspapers. The methodology is based on the analysis of editorials and opinion articles that were published in ABC, Diario 16 and El País from the beginning of the electoral campaign until the evaluation of the results at the polls. The main conclusions of this article indicate that, despite their ideological differences, all the newspapers agreed that after these elections, two party system and democracy in Spain were ratified, thus ending the transitional period after Franco's death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the agricultural unionism of reformist trend that rose up during the Spanish Transition through the specific example of the Asociación Empresarial Provincial Agraria (AEPA), a farmer union created in Valladolid in 1977. First, we are going to realise a brief approach to the general context of the Spanish agricultural unionism in the second half of the seventies. Then, we will focus our attention on the analysis of the background, creation, and first development of AEPA. For this, we use the provincial press and documentation of the Civil Government. The main objective is to show that the reformist conservative agricultural groups also were responsible for the unionisation that emerged in the Spanish countryside during the Transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1981 and 1982 the government of Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo developed a policy aimed at harmonizing and homogenizing the nascent "state of autonomies". Once the Statutes of Catalonia and the Basque Country were approved, it was a question of setting up a new model of territorial organization of the Spanish State. To this end, he sought the support of the PSOE and was opposed by the Basque and Catalan nationalists. This paper addresses this crucial and understudied period of recent history from original documentation from the Calvo-Sotelo Archive. The sources show the internal debates by the UCD government and help to clarify what the decision-making process was on a matter of such historical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to analyze some aspects of the experiential reality had by the freedmen (libertos) in 18th. Century Piura. It focuses on the economic and social activities developed by the African marriage of Juan de Sojo and María Mercedes de Céspedes working as tanners in the casa-tina, an important city industry. It was found that with this work the freedmen couple earned an amount with which they could bought their and their children freedom. This African marriage were also able to carry out another common economic practices like buying a property, negotiating slaves and making transactions with the city neighbors. They also had the opportunity to left demands to save their souls at the last moment. In summary: these freedmen marriage were main characters of their own destiny at a moment where slavery was passing its peak period in the economic system development of colonial Piura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the study of vernacular architecture has had an eminently constructive and typological approach. Faced with this materialist and formalist paradigm, this paper proposes a case study from a decidedly cultural perspective. It is applied to a dovecote in Tierra de Campos, but not a typical one. It is a hybrid architecture; in use and rebuilt with industrial materials. The research will show the importance of contextual studies and the need to focus research on the human factor, because this is what the values that reflect the attributes of vernacular architecture refer to. Likewise, it will reveal that dovecots in Tierra de Campos have a tradition and historical significance very different from what has been thinked. It is intended, definitely, to reach the most complete understanding possible of a vernacular architecture through the (cultural) bases that define its specificity as such and as a Heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we transcribe and present a handwritten letter of the VIII Duke of Medina Sidonia in which he asks his agent in Madrid about the whereabouts of Andrés de Almansa y Mendoza, so that he can write a relation, in 1623. The anecdote helps us recreate the historical context of this revealing petition, to investigate the possible relations of the gazetteer with the circle of writers at the service of the Andalusian noble and, finally, to rethink the question of the identity of the recipient of the Cartas by Almansa: our hypothesis is that he could have been Don Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Patriarch of the Indies and younger brother of the VIII Duke of Medina Sidonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyses reclusion spaces and mechanisms in the former Intendancy of Arequipa, towards the end of the colonial period. Exhaustive detail on organisation, maintenance, infrastructure, security, economy, and salubriousness, concerning various confinement centres will be provided. This paper studies the meaning of the jail in the Ancient Regime, taking in consideration the peripheric experience of an arequipenian jail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an analytical framework which adds a historical dimension to the already consolidated discipline of analysing public policies, giving an interpretation of the process by which a certain public policy emerges and evolves. This analytical framework will be put to the test via its application to the study of social housing policies in Seville during the Franco regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies on the American democracy promotion policy towards Francoist Spain have been many years relegated once taken for granted the propagandistic nature of the American public discourse. However, in order to assess what were Washington’s real aims and determinants in its relations with Franco and his regime, in the first part of this article we briefly examine the changes operated in American geostrategic conceptions from the 30s onwards. In the second part, in what constitutes the core of this paper, a more detailed focus is put on the examination of the Spanish case from the documentation on Spain between the years 1945-1973 preserved in the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) at College Park, Md. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Trial of Residence of Luis Valdes y Rejano, governor of New Biscay, in a broad sense. Beyond the rigor of the then legally considered to integrate the Residence, the text also explores allegations made in San Joseph del Parral that ultimately left out of the trial; allegations made by government agents, aware of the legally appropriate. At the same time, it makes visible the implementation of mechanisms activated in parallel, such as the Canonical Censures. This case study is intended to contribute to the debate on the understanding of the control mechanisms put in place by the Hispanic Monarchy in the Indies. With emphasis on the political and ritual uses of the trial, the ways of structuring discourses, the importance of interpersonal relationships. It seeks as well to approach the political culture of the early modern period: what then understood by good governance, the fear of scandal, the role and value of honor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to describe the history of cryptology from Ancient to Early Modern times, paying special attention to the emerging of polyalphabetic ciphers. The author discusses three main reasons for this fast evolution of ideas in Early Modern Europe: the final implementation of the paper, the appearance of postal services and the beginning of modern diplomacy. The text concludes with an observation concerning the curious discrepancy between the actual use of ciphers and the evolution of new cryptologic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the role developed by the nationalist nurses as health professionals on the warlike conflict in 1936-1939. On this context we can identify the type of training that nurses recived while the Civil War, the assigments and obligations relationed with theirs assistance works, their professional worries, the risk that this work envolves and the recognition of this. Their active participation transformed the essential sanitary personal, doing an important place on this, with big relevance and low studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In History and the Social Sciences: Anthropology, Sociology and Archaeology, structuralist and postmodern authors disregarded the ideas of man, feelings, values and contingency. The concepts of structure, language and power become the new keys in order to explain the past and the social world. However, tastes and feelings that these authors flatly refused were displayed in their texts in an oblique mode. In this paper, the textual double bind of these authors is exposed through the case studies of the history of things, the history of feelings and the historiographical analysis of the master work of Michel Foucault: Histoire de la folie á l' Âge ge classique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Calderonian characters find difficult to keep a secret against the human tendency to complaints and release, as well as external pressures that influence their revelation. Among the many expressions referring to this struggle between contentio and overflow highlights in a special way the volcanic metaphor because of its proliferation, its dramatic strength and remarkable artificiality. This paper examines and classifies a representative number of passages which contain the image in order to glimpse its iconic, conceptual and emotional connections, related to Baroque society and the theoretical framework of secrecy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that secrecy has been highlighted as an outstanding theme in Calderón's writing, it has not been studied on every occasion. This paper aims to analyze its dramatic construction in the comedia Nadie fíe su secreto (c. 1629) from a thematic and rhetorical perspective. This main theme is traced back to the classical tradition and is studied from the development of the plot: the secret of love contention ends with its public revelation. This particular construction of secrecy is deeply connected to the rhetorical resources, especially to those related to the expression of silence, which strengthen the suspense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]