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1. Different Sources of Copper Effect on Intestinal Epithelial Cell: Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolism

Author

Runxian Li, Yang Wen, Gang Lin, Chengzhen Meng, Pingli He, and Fenglai Wang

Subjects
copper, cytotoxicity, bioavailability, oxidative stress, intestinal epithelial cell, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Copper (Cu) is widely used in the swine industry to improve the growth performance of pigs. However, high doses of copper will induce cell damage and toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate toxicity, bioavailability, and effects on metabolic processes of varying copper sources using porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) as a model. The IPEC-J2 were treated with two doses (30 and 120 μM) of CuSO4, Cu Glycine (Cu-Gly), and Cu proteinate (Cu-Pro) for 10 h, respectively. Cell damage and cellular copper metabolism were measured by the changes in cell viability, copper uptake, oxidative stress biomarkers, and gene/protein expression levels. The results showed that cell viability and ratio of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) decreased significantly in all treatment groups; intracellular copper content increased significantly in all treatment groups; total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly in the 120 μM exposed groups; SOD1 protein expression levels were significantly upregulated in 30 μM Cu-Pro, 120 μM Cu-Gly, and 120 μM Cu-Pro treatment groups; intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly in 30 μM treatment groups and 120 μM CuSO4 treatment group. CTR1 and ATP7A gene expression were significantly downregulated in the 120 μM exposed groups. While upregulation of ATOX1 expression was observed in the presence of 120 μM Cu-Gly and Cu-Pro. ASCT2 gene expression was significantly upregulated after 120 μM Cu-Glycine and CuSO4 exposure, and PepT1 gene expression was significantly upregulated after Cu-Pro exposure. In addition, CTR1 protein expression level decreased after 120 μM CuSO4 and Cu-Gly exposure. PepT1 protein expression level was only upregulated after 120 μM Cu-Pro exposure. These findings indicated that extra copper supplementation can induce intestinal epithelial cell injury, and different forms of copper may have differing effects on cell metabolism.

Published
2019
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2. Different Sources of Copper Effect on Intestinal Epithelial Cell: Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolism

Author

Gang Lin, Yang Wen, Chengzhen Meng, Pingli He, Runxian Li, and Fenglai Wang

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, lcsh:QR1-502, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, lcsh:Microbiology, Article, Superoxide dismutase, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, oxidative stress, Viability assay, Molecular Biology, Cell damage, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, biology, intestinal epithelial cell, Glutathione, medicine.disease, Malondialdehyde, Molecular biology, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, copper, Toxicity, biology.protein, cytotoxicity, bioavailability, Oxidative stress, Intracellular
Abstract

Copper (Cu) is widely used in the swine industry to improve the growth performance of pigs. However, high doses of copper will induce cell damage and toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate toxicity, bioavailability, and effects on metabolic processes of varying copper sources using porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) as a model. The IPEC-J2 were treated with two doses (30 and 120 &mu, M) of CuSO4, Cu Glycine (Cu-Gly), and Cu proteinate (Cu-Pro) for 10 h, respectively. Cell damage and cellular copper metabolism were measured by the changes in cell viability, copper uptake, oxidative stress biomarkers, and gene/protein expression levels. The results showed that cell viability and ratio of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) decreased significantly in all treatment groups, intracellular copper content increased significantly in all treatment groups, total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly in the 120 &mu, M exposed groups, SOD1 protein expression levels were significantly upregulated in 30 &mu, M Cu-Pro, 120 &mu, M Cu-Gly, and 120 &mu, M Cu-Pro treatment groups, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly in 30 &mu, M treatment groups and 120 &mu, M CuSO4 treatment group. CTR1 and ATP7A gene expression were significantly downregulated in the 120 &mu, M exposed groups. While upregulation of ATOX1 expression was observed in the presence of 120 &mu, M Cu-Gly and Cu-Pro. ASCT2 gene expression was significantly upregulated after 120 &mu, M Cu-Glycine and CuSO4 exposure, and PepT1 gene expression was significantly upregulated after Cu-Pro exposure. In addition, CTR1 protein expression level decreased after 120 &mu, M CuSO4 and Cu-Gly exposure. PepT1 protein expression level was only upregulated after 120 &mu, M Cu-Pro exposure. These findings indicated that extra copper supplementation can induce intestinal epithelial cell injury, and different forms of copper may have differing effects on cell metabolism.

Published
2019

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