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Wetland ecosystems are important regulators of global climate change. Studying the spatiotemporal changes and driving mechanisms of their ecosystem service values ( ESV) is beneficial for the sustainable development of wetlands. This paper uses the equivalent factor method, based on land use changes, to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of the ecosystem service value in the Caohai National Nature Reserve ( CNNR). The results show the following; (D from 2000 to 2020, there was a significant decrease in the core zone's arable land area, with an increase in forest and water areas. Construction land mainly increased in the experimental area, and the grassland area showed a fluctuating change of first increasing and then decreasing; in 2000, 2010, and 2020, the ecosystem service value of the study area was 302 million, 296 million, and 325 million yuan, respectively, showing a trend of fluctuating growth, with the value of wetland ecosystems playing a dominant role; regulatory services are the main contributors to the ecosystem service value in the study area, with a contribution rate of 60%. Hydrological regulation is the ecosystem function with the highest value in wetland ecosystem services, contributing more than 35% to the ESV in all three periods; in terms of spatial distribution, the core zone's ecosystem service value is dominant. Looking at the total ecosystem service value of the region, the core zone > the experimental area > the buffer zone. In terms of ESV per unit area, the core zone (89 000 yuan/hm²) is significantly higher than the buffer zone (39 100 yuan/hm²) and the experimental area ( 15 800 yuan/hm² ) . The study can provide a basis for research and spatial management of ecosystem services in wetland ecosystems and nature reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society, and it is an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development by actively addressing climate change. Under the increasingly strict constraints of climate governance, developed countries such as the United States, European Union countries, and Japan have responded and actively formulated low-carbon development goals and policy measures that are in line with their national conditions. These policies mainly involve various fields such as low-carbon technology, energy conservation and emission reduction, and circular development, with clear policy guidance. In this paper, the evolution of policies on marine carbon sink and carbon trading in China is summarized, providing support for better understanding the background of formulating relevant international and domestic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoirs, as artificial lakes, suffer from silting inevitably since being constructed, the sediments from surrounding environment can provide a continuous record of environmental change. Shilianghe Reservoir, the largest artificial lake in Jiangsu Province, was constructed in 1959, and plays an important role in flood control, irrigation, water supply, and so on. Nevertheless, the silting situation of the reservoir is also quite serious. In this paper, the grain-size distribution of core from Shilianghe Reservoir and its response to environmental changes were studied. It is due to two driving factors; climate variability and human activities. Based on the analysis of the grain size distribution data, the sediments were mainly composed of clayey silt and silty clay with a clear tendency of upward fining. But a grain-size peak appeared at 86 cm, and the sand proportion was also very big, indicating that hydrodynamic force was stronger. There was a consistent trend of change between sediment record in Shilianghe Reservoir and historical precipitation in the basin. According to the dating mark of 137Cs, it can be determined primarily that the abnormal grain-size at 86 cm reflected possibly the rainstorm and flood event occurring in 1970. Human activities reduced the hydrodynamics of depositional environment. Hydraulic projects are direct human activities, and land use/cover changes are indirect human activities. It turned out that sediment yield and sediment load were more and more less, and sedimentation rate showed a decreasing trend. Furthermore, sediments tended to become smaller and had better sorting property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change greatly impedes the sustainable development of human society. And severe consequences could arise unless effective measures are taken to prevent them under the condition that we have a clear understanding of the trend of climate change. Currently, the most practical way to predict trend of climate change is GCM. However, GCM is unavailable in predicting detailed regional climate due to the lack of regional information and a relatively low spatial resolution of GCM. Such shortcoming is supplemented by the methods of downscaling which fall into three types: dynamical downscaling, statistical downscaling and the combination of statistical and dynamic downscaling. This paper aims at explaining in detail the methods of downscaling mentioned above and comparing their advantages and disadvantages in the hope of offering a reference for global climate prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change in the past one hundred years has brought important influence to the natural ecosystem and social - economic system of the world and China, The impact of future climate change is also long-term and huge, and many effects are negative or adverse. Therefore, from now on we must take measures adapting to climate change to overcome the adverse effects of climate change on social - economic - ecological system, In this paper, starting from the urgency of integrated climate change risk governance, the risk of natural disasters intensifying caused by climate change is briefly described, and engineering and non engineering measures of the integrated climate change risk governance in China's high risk region are proposed, as well as recommendations on integrated risk governance in the eastern, middle and western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the monitoring data of road surface temperature, air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity and precipitation from the automatic weather stations of Hurongxi, Hanyi, Wuhuang and Huanghuang on Huyu expressway from June 2013 to August 2014 were used to Investigate the change characteristics of different sections' road surface temperatures in different seasons and sky conditions. The forecast models of the maximum and minimum road surface temperatures were established on different sections by statistical analysis methods, and the forecast results were verified. The results showed that the road surface temperature and air temperature of Hurongxi, Hanyi, Wuhuang and Huanghuang displayed obvious diurnal variation, but the difference between the road surface temperature and air temperature was larger. Compared with the other three sections, the maximum difference between the road surface temperature and air temperature on Hurongxi increased in winter and decreased in summer overall. The road surface temperature was close to air temperature on Hurongxi after sunset on sunny to cloudy and overcast in winter, while less than air temperature on Hanyi, Wuhuang and Huanghuang. The air temperature was less than road surface temperature on the four sections on rainy day and significant on Hurongxi. In summer, the air temperature was less than road surface temperature on the four sections under three sky conditions and the difference between them in afternoon was the biggest on sunny to cloudy and overcast. The road surface temperature was very close to each other among the four sections in January, while which was rising with the decrease of altitude in April, July and October. The forecast result of the road surface temperature was close to actual result on Hurongxi and Huanghuang, so which can be for reference. But there were some big errors between the forecast result and actual result in several timings on Hanyi and Wuhuang, so the forecast result should be corrected for actual business work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the data of temperature and precipitation in Turpan and Nantong, in the west and east of China, respectively, during the period of 1961 –2007 by linear groWh rate, moving average methods, Mann-Kendall nonparametric and moving Ttests. The result indicated that the annual average temperature in Turpan had a linear groWh rate of 0.42 °C/10 a, while the annual average temperature in Nantong had a linear tendency of 0.48 °C/10 a. The annual average maximum temperature in Turpan with linear groWh rate of 0.16 °C/10 a was lower than 0.56 °C/ 10 a of Nantong, and the annual average minimum temperature in Turpan with linear growh rate of 0.86 °C/10 a was higher than 0.70 °C/10 a of Nantong. The annual average temperature of Turpan increasing was 7 years earlier than Nantong. The annual average maximum temperature of Turpan increasing was 5 years later than Nantong. The annual average minimum temperature of Turpan increased as same as Nantong in 1986, but the curve showed different process completely. The abrupt change year of average temperature between Turpan and Nantong were same in 1996, and the abrupt change year of average maximum temperature of Turpan was 5 years later than Nantong. For precipitation, Turpan and Nantong had the same trend of increased and decreased. The reason of almost identical trend of temperature and precipitation between Turpan and Nantong may be urbanization and population increasing influencing climate change in a small area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, land surface observation data at semi-arid climate and environmental observation station (SACOL station) of Lanzhou University during 2006 -2012 and the data of Yuzhong meteorological station were used to analyze the responses of land surface radiation budget components to climate fluctuation, study the interannual variability of surface albedo, and discuss the feedback of various land surface process parameters on the interannual fluctuations of temperature and precipitation in Loess Plateau. According to the type of precipitation in Loess Plateau, the year was divided into winter and summer in order to get more significant interannual variability and correlation. The results showed that the trends of temperature and precipitation during 2006 -2012 were consistent with the warming and drying total trend in recent years in Loess Plateau. Shallow surface soil moisture and temperature showed a good response to temperature and precipitation, and the annual variation of summer half year had greater impact on the trend in the whole year. Incident solar radiation increase was major reason for climate warming in the Loess Plateau region. The combined effect of climatic factors was the reason for the change of surface albedo. Through the distinguish inquiry by winter and summer data, it was obtained that most correlations between summer radiation components and climatic factors have been improved, and partial correlations between winter radiation components and climatic factors have been increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The research aimed to study relation between energy consumption and climate change in China. [Method] Climate change characteristics from 1951 to 2009 in China were summarized. Economic and social developments in China in recent 50 years were analyzed from production and consumption amounts of the energy,energy source composition and energy consumption of the GDP(ten-thousand yuan). Influences of the energy consumption and economic development on climate change were discussed. [Result] Annual average temperature of China increased obviously from 1951 to 2009,and regional difference was distinct. Increasing trend of the temperature in the north of 35° N was bigger than that in the south. Increasing trend of the temperature in northeast China and Inner Mongolia reached 0. 04 °C /a. The average temperature from 1981 to 2009 was higher than that from 1951 to 1980,and the biggest difference value was more than 2. 0 °C. Mutation of Chinese energy production and consumption happened in 1985,but average temperature of China had an obvious mutation in 1989,showing temperature mutation lagged behind energy production and consumption mutation. Energy consumption of the GDP(ten-thousand yuan) decreased evidently from 1978 to 1997. Beginning from 1998,the decreasing pace slowed down markedly,and there was a rebound in 2003. Chinese new energy amount was increasing year by year. Because the total energy consumption amount was also increasing,new energy proportion had been maintained about one quarter. The energy consumption increasing model with energy consumption coefficient and the model without energy consumption coefficient were set up in this paper. It was found that Chinese energy structure changed a little after considering energy consumption coefficient. Proportion of the coal decreased,while proportions of the oil,natural gas and electric power increased. Temperature changing trend was consistent with that of the economic development and energy consumption. Change trend of the average temperature basically presented good positive correlation with effective energy consumption amount,and the maximum correlation coefficient was 80%. [Conclusion] The research proved the importance of developing clean efficient energy and carrying out low-carbon economy to relieve climate change of China. It was urgent to carry out low-carbon economy and transform economic growth manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on data of number of fog and haze days in Baoji City from 1981 to 2013, the changing trends and mutation of number of fog and haze days in Baoji over the past 33 years were analyzed by using trend coefficient, tendency rate, linear regression analysis, anomaly percentage, Mann-Kendall mutation test and sliding t test. The results showed that during the 33 years, the number of fog and haze days in Baoji declined by 16.255 d/10 a, and there was a cyclical turbulence every 6, 15 or 28 years. The frequency of fog and haze weather was the highest in winter, followed by spring and autumn, while it was the lowest in summer. According to the anomaly percentage of the number of fog and haze days in 12 months during 1981 -2013, the anomaly percentage changed most greatly in July, followed by September, October, April, May, June, August, February and March, but it fluctuated less greatly in January. The number of fog and haze days from 1981 to 2013 had obvious mutation trends in a single year and a single season, and mutation types are different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of low-carbon economy was introduced firstly, and then patterns and principles of circular agriculture were analyzed, finally noticeable problems during circular agricultural development were put forward, such as increasing the output of circular agriculture and farmers' income, improving the market system of agricultural products, and making an effort to improve the ability of circular agriculture to adapt to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]