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Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases and an enormous public health problem and claims an estimated 1–3 million lives every year and the majority of whom are young children. No vaccine is currently available for the treatment of malaria. This letter proposes a new method of detecting malaria based on the measurement of the dielectric properties of blood at the microwave frequencies. The measurements were made at the S-band of microwave frequency using rectangular cavity perturbation technique with the samples of blood from healthy donors as well as from malaria patients. It is found that an appreciably change in the dielectric properties of patient samples with the normal healthy samples and this measurements were in good agreement with clinical results. This measurement is a new novel in vitro method of diagnosing malaria at its onset using microwaves, so that necessary precautions can be taken such as proper preventative drugs, which will continuously reduce the risk of infection. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 915–918, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24202

This article reports a new method of analyzing pericar- dial fluid based on the measurement of the dielectric properties at mi- crowave frequencies. The microwave measurements were performed by rectangular cavity perturbation method in the S-band of microwave fre- quency with the pericardial fluid from healthy persons as well as from patients suffering from pericardial effusion. It is observed that a re- markable change in the dielectric properties of patient samples with the normal healthy samples and these measurements were in good agree- ment with clinical analysis. This measurement technique and the method of extraction of pericardial fluid are simple. These results give light to an alternative in-vitro method of diagnosing onset pericardial effusion abnormalities using microwaves without surgical procedure. © 2008 Wiley

HIV/AIDS is one of the most destructive epidemics in ever recorded history claims an estimated 2.4–3.3 million lives every year. Even though there is no treatment for this pandemic Elisa and Western Blot tests are the only tests currently available for detecting HIV/AIDS. This article proposes a new method of detecting HIV/AIDS based on the measurement of the dielectric properties of blood at the microwave frequencies. The measurements were made at the S-band of microwave frequency using rectangular cavity perturbation technique with the samples of blood from healthy donors as well as from HIV/AIDS patients. An appreciable change is observed in the dielectric properties of patient samples than with the normal healthy samples and these measurements were in good agreement with clinical results. This measurement is an alternative in vitro method of diagnosing HIV/AIDS using microwaves. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 557–561, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23143

The physiological changes of pregnancy can result in complications in the mother, which in turn may have fetal implications. There is a need to refine the risk stratification of women so that they can receive appropriate obstetrical counseling and care. The present communication presents the analysis of the amniotic fluid which is surrounded by the baby and helps to protect both the baby and the uterus. The in vitro measurements of amniotic fluid samples were carried out by cavity perturbation technique in the frequency range of 2–3 GHz of different samples as a function of gestation weeks and have observed a pronounced change of the conductivity at the end of normal pregnancies and consistent conductivity in complicated pregnancies. This indicates that microwave study is a life saving diagnostic procedure of the mother and baby can take proper care for those having complicated pregnancies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2364–2368, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22753

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is the world's most disabling and disfiguring diseases affects the persons making incapacitated or disfigured. This article presents a new solution for the early detection of LF. In vitro blood analysis is made based on the dielectric properties at microwave frequencies using rectangular cavity perturbation technique at the S-band with the different samples of blood obtained from healthy donors as well as from patients suffering from filariasis. It is noticed that an appreciably change in the dielectric properties of patient samples with the normal healthy samples and this measurements were in good agreement with clinical analysis. This measurement technique is simple and suggests a new novel alternative in-vitro method of diagnosing LF using microwaves and is completely independent of time unlike the traditional method diagnosis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 3166–3169, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).DOI 10.1002/mop.22970

This letter reports a novel in vitro test of blood analysis based on the measurement of the dielectric properties at microwave frequencies. The measurements were made using rectangular cavity perturbation technique at the S-band of microwave frequency with the different samples of blood obtained from healthy donors as well as from patients. It is observed that an appreciably change in the dielectric properties of patient samples with the normal healthy samples and this measurements were in good agreement with clinical analysis. This measurement technique is nondestructive in nature. These results indicate an alternative in vitro method of diagnosing blood abnormalities using microwaves.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1589–1592, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22512

This article reports a new in vitro bile analysis based on the measurement of the dielectric properties at microwave frequencies. The measurements were made using rectangular cavity perturbation technique at the S-band of microwave frequency with the different sam- ples of bile obtained from healthy persons as well as from patients. It is observed that an appreciable change in the dielectric properties of pa- tient's samples with the normal healthy samples and these measurements were in good agreement with clinical analysis. These results prove an alternative in-vitro method of detecting bile abnormalities based on the measurement of the dielectric properties of bile samples using micro- waves without surgical procedure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 101-103, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop. 24021 Bile is a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepato- cytes and its constituents are water, cholesterol, bile pigments, bicarbonate ions, and bile salts. It is stored in the gallbladder between meals and while eating is discharged into the duodenum. The gall bladder absorbs the water and electrolytes concentrating it between the meals and when the chyme enters the small intes- tine, it excretes waste and aids the process of digestion of lipids. Cholesterol is also released with the bile. The human liver can produce close t o1lo fbile per day depending on the body size. Cholelithiasis is known as gallstones which are formed in the gallbladder due to variation in concentration of bile constituents. Choledocholithiasis is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct (1). Cholestatic jaundice is caused by thickened bile or bile plugs in the small biliary passages of the liver. These situa- tions can lead to the gall bladder rupture or form an abscess which leads to a life-threatening infection of the liver requires medical emergency, the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure, or surgical treatment. This article reports a comprehensive study of the dielectric properties of human bile at microwave frequencies. The samples were collected from healthy persons and people ailing from cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, and cholestatic jaundice. The measurement of the dielectric prop- erties of bile helps to identify the healthy condition as well as diseased condition as there is significant variation in the dielectric properties. Biological effects of microwaves and the application of micro- waves in medicine are developing areas of research (2). The nonionizing microwave radiation interacts with tissues and obtains a large dielectric contrast according to their water content. Thus

This article communicates a new method of detecting cervical cancer based on the measurement of the dielectric properties of smear at microwave frequencies. The microwave measurements were performed by rectangular cavity perturbation in the S-band of microwave frequency with the smear samples from healthy persons as well as from cancerous patients. It is observed an appreciable change in the dielectric properties of cancerous samples with the normal healthy samples and these measurements were in good agreement with clinical analysis. This measurement technique is simple and the collection of smear is painless and nonsurgical in nature. The results show a new method of diagnosing cervical cancer using microwave measurement without any surgical procedures and suggest an alternative to Papanikolaou test or Papanicolaou test. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 1552–1554, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23433

This communication presents a novel method of detection of cancer cells in lymph based on the measurement of the dielectric properties at microwave frequencies. The microwave measurements were performed by rectangular cavity perturbation method in the S-band of microwave frequency with the lymph samples from healthy persons as well as from cancerous patients. It is noticed that a remarkable change in the dielectric properties of cancerous samples with the normal healthy samples and these measurements were in good agreement with clinical analysis. This measurement technique is simple and the cannulation of lymph from persons is least painful and nonsurgical in nature. These results prove an alternative in-vitro method of diagnosing onset cancer abnormalities using microwaves without surgical procedure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2559–2561, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22792

Arthritis is one of the most pervasive diseases that causes of disability. For most people arthritis pain and inflammation cannot be avoided as the body ages. The present communication reports the study on the synovial fluid has the main lubricant in joints collected from normal persons and those ailing from arthritis are subjected to the microwave study and the variations of the dielectric parameters are investigated. The in vitro measurements of synovial fluid samples are done using cavity perturbation technique in the frequency range of 2–3 GHz. It is observed that in this band, the dielectric constant of normal samples are higher than those of arthritis affected ones and conductivity of is higher in normal samples, which finds application in detecting arthritis using microwaves. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1700–1702, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22552

In today's life, microwave technology is used in both diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. This letter presents the study of dielectric properties of pregnant women urine as well normal women urine at microwave frequencies. In vitro measurements using cavity perturbation technique is employed in the frequency range between 2 and 3 GHz. It is observed that dielectric constant of pregnant women urine samples is smaller than the normal women urine samples and the conductivity of pregnant women urine samples is higher than that of normal women urine samples, which is a novel alternative in vitro method of determining pregnancy, and is required for a woman to make preparations for proper prenatal care and family planning. The same samples are subjected to investigations in the clinical laboratory for quantitative analysis, which holds good for our microwave study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 786–788, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22279