606 results
Search Results
2. Cave mining: 16 years after Laubscher's 1994 paper 'Cave mining - state of the art'.
- Author
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Chitombo, G. P.
- Subjects
- *
SPEECHES, addresses, etc. , *MINERAL industries , *CAVES , *CAVING mining , *GAGES - Abstract
This paper supplements a keynote address prepared for the 2010 Second International Symposium on Block and Sublevel Caving. The author gauges the cave mining industry's position (practice and theory) since the publication of what he considers a seminal paper on 'Cave mining - state of the art', hence '16 years after'. For clarity, this paper is not meant to be a critique or an endorsement of the cave mining design rules as presented by Laubscher's 1994 paper, as well as an endorsement of a selection of emerging and noteworthy cave mining design and optimisation approaches. The latter methodologies are expected to gain significance as cave mining enters into a new phase of large scale operations at greater depths which the author and others describe as super caves. In this next era of cave mining, improved knowledge and incorporation of the governing physics and fundamentals of the associated caving process or phenomena will become even more important for cave design and performance prediction and, therefore, reliability. The paper starts by providing a snap shot of contemporary caving designs (and practices), highlighting achievements made by the cave mining industry since the introduction of mechanised caving in primary ores. It concludes by listing the developments made in the last 16 years as well as the current and future challenges. The author concludes that contemporary designs and the number of design rules in Laubscher, while still remaining in use, may be reaching their limit when applied to large scale operations or super caves and they need to be supplemented by a number of the emerging techniques. The attributes which make super caves unique are presented. The opportunity is to continually improve and to test these emerging methods. Finally, it should be noted that the paper is written from the author's perspective as a mining research engineer and more recently (from 1997 to current) as the technical director of two international industry collaborative projects; the International Caving Study (ICS) and the Mass Mining Technology (MMT) projects. These projects focus on improving the understanding of the underpinning fundamentals associated with the caving of strong rock masses or primary rock (i.e. rock mass characterisation, caving mechanics including seismicity, preconditioning, gravity and disturbed flow, primary and secondary fragmentation and confined blasting), mainly at moderate depths and stress environments. The original intent of the ICS was to critique, improve and/or supplement a number of the design rules as presented in the Laubscher seminal paper, given the move towards caving of strong rocks or primary rocks. The MMT then put more emphasis on the study of caving fundamentals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Robotic mapping of underground mine passageways.
- Author
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Artan, U, Marshall, J A, and Lavigne, N J
- Subjects
MINERAL industries ,AUTOMATION ,SHIPMENT of goods ,GLOBAL Positioning System ,ROBOTICS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,MINE safety - Abstract
The ability to determine the position and orientation of vehicles in real time is a key enabling technology for automation, traffic management, and to ensure safety in the presence of multiple operating vehicles. As explained in this paper, despite some misguided advertising within the mining community, a technology comparable to the satellite based global positioning system (GPS), does not yet exist for underground operations. This paper reports on the preliminary results of a study to develop a relatively low cost and robust method for obtaining globally consistent maps of underground mine environments, the purpose of which is to support the creation of a map based underground positioning technology. The described mapping technique is based on an approach from the mobile robotics research literature and is demonstrated by using data acquired with a load-haul-dump (LHD) machine at two Nordic mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Progress and challenges in some areas of deep mining.
- Author
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Brown, E T
- Subjects
ROCK mechanics ,STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) ,MINES & mineral resources ,INDUSTRIAL hygiene ,SEMINARS ,CAVES ,MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
Deep Mining 2012 is the sixth in a series of international seminars on deep and high stress mining which began with a seminar held in Perth in November 2002, almost a decade ago. The early announcements for this seminar listed 10 seminar themes. This paper seeks to make contributions to the discussion of progress made in four of these themes - geomechanics risks, risk assessment and management, rock behaviour under high stress, and numerical modelling - largely, but not only, through a review of the papers published in the proceedings of the five previous seminars. Particular emphasis is placed on the risks associated with the new generation of block and panel caving operations or 'super caves'. Some remaining challenges in the four theme areas discussed are also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Assessment of maturity of mining industry simulation.
- Author
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Stothard, P. and Swadling, P.
- Subjects
MINERAL industries ,SIMULATION methods & models ,HIGH technology ,COMPUTER software ,INFORMATION technology - Abstract
Mining is a mature user of high technology. However, the maturity of mining simulation use is unclear. This paper compares mining to other industries to assess maturity. Simulation technology has been implemented at varying levels of complexity, sophistication and success. Rapid advances in hardware and software make low cost, mass market and high end small market computer based simulations readily accessible. When mining is compared to other industries, simulation acceptance appears immature, particularly in the areas of risk and hazard reduction, simulation design, operational command and control and a formal implementation framework. The question asked by this paper is: 'What is the level of maturity of interactive computer based simulation in the mining industry when compared to other industries?' The paper reviews some of the many interactive visualisations and simulations developed for the mining industry. The outcome is a basic qualitative maturity model of simulation in the mining industry as of 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Understanding and assessment of mining equipment effectiveness.
- Author
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Paraszczak, Jacek
- Subjects
MINING machinery ,MACHINERY ,PEAT machinery ,ELECTRIC equipment ,MINERAL industries ,MINE management - Abstract
Productivity and efficiency of mining equipment are among the most important factors contributing to unit mining cost, and measuring and benchmarking them is one of the best ways of identifying the possibilities of improvement. It is in this context that the present paper discusses the notion of overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). The paper reviews main components of OEE – availability, utilisation and production efficiency. It discusses some of the factors influencing those components as well as different means of quantifying them, and proposes a number of key performance indicators (KPI) associated with them. The paper critically reviews metrics already in use by mining companies and equipment manufacturers and proposes a number of other measures whose implementation would be beneficial for mine operators. The indicators are also analysed from the point of view of their meaningfulness, practicality and usefulness for further analysis. The paper also addresses the question of data quality and it provides a number of recommendations concerning performance reporting and follow-up of equipment efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Optimising declines in underground mines.
- Author
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Brazil, M., Lee, D. H., Van Leuven, M., Rubinstein, J. H., Thomas, D. A., and Wormald, N. C.
- Subjects
MINES & mineral resources ,MINERAL industries ,COMPUTER software ,GOLD mining ,OPERATING costs - Abstract
This paper describes a method for optimising the layout of a decline in an underground mine. It models a decline as a mathematical network connecting the access points at each level of the proposed mine to the surface portal. A feasible decline is one satisfying all operational constraints such as gradient and turning radius requirements. The task is to find the decline that minimises a given cost objective. Typically, the cost objective will be some combination of development and operational costs representing a project cost or a life-of-mine cost. The procedure to find the optimal decline has been automated and the paper describes the current capability of Decline Optimisation Tool (DOT) software. A case study on the optimisation of a decline to service the Jandam gold mine in the Pajingo field of Newmont Australia Limited demonstrates the practical application of the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Taxonomy of interactive computer-based visualisation systems and content for the mining industry - part 2.
- Author
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Stothard, P., Squelch, A., Stone, R., van Wyk, E., Kizil, M., Schofield, D., and Fowle, K.
- Subjects
SYSTEMS theory ,MINERAL industries ,VIRTUAL reality ,SIMULATION methods & models ,SUSTAINABLE development - Abstract
This is the second paper of a series authored by a collaboration of international researchers. It develops taxonomy for computer-based virtual reality simulators of relevance to the mining industry. A summary is presented of simulator types implemented in the industry, and continuums are used to explain concepts and issues that affect simulator development and integration. The paper classifies simulators and demonstrates that there are potentially many simulator formats still to be realised and implemented by the mining industry. Simulator issues that are often overlooked such as human factors, cognitive load and development costs and their impact on the development of sustainable simulator technologies are considered in some detail. Barriers to development and integration are mentioned, and the need for industry to engage with university-level research and develop a uniform and integrated approach are discussed. Finally, a brief case study is presented and conclusions are drawn about the current status and sustainability of simulator development in the mining industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Mining of orebodies under shear loading Part 2 - failure modes and mechanisms.
- Author
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Suorineni, F. T., J. Mgumbwa, J., Kaiser, P. K., and Thibodeau, D.
- Subjects
MINERAL industries ,MINES & mineral resources ,TENSION loads ,SHEAR (Mechanics) ,FAILURE analysis ,COMPUTER simulation - Abstract
Part 1 of the paper defined shear loaded orebodies and showed through case histories that both pillars and excavations are at elevated risks of failure when mining these orebodies. Part 2 of the paper presents new knowledge on the behaviour of pillars and excavations when mining such orebodies. Numerical modelling is used to understand the behaviours of these structures in the orebodies. It is established that pillars in shear suffer confinement loss compared to their equivalents under pure compression. The confinement loss increases with increasing shear loading in pillars with width : height ( W : H)≧1. For pillars with W : H ≧1, the empirical pillar design chart should be used with caution. For excavations in eccentrically loaded orebodies, passive and active high stress envelopes are created in the excavation process. The combined effect of the active high stress and tension zones often results in excavation surface sloughing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Weekly maintenance scheduling using exact and genetic methods.
- Author
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Palmer, Andrew W., Vujanic, Robin, Hill, Andrew J., and Scheding, Steven J.
- Subjects
MIXED integer linear programming ,MAINTENANCE ,GENETIC algorithms ,MATHEMATICAL functions ,LINEAR statistical models - Abstract
The weekly maintenance schedule specifies when maintenance activities should be performed on the equipment, taking into account the availability of workers and maintenance bays, and other operational constraints. The current approach to generating this schedule is labour intensive and requires coordination between the maintenance schedulers and operations staff to minimise its impact on the operation of the mine. This paper presents methods for automatically generating this schedule from the list of maintenance tasks to be performed, the availability roster of the maintenance staff, and time windows in which each piece of equipment is available for maintenance. Both Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and genetic algorithms are evaluated, with the genetic algorithm shown to significantly outperform the MILP. Two fitness functions for the genetic algorithm are also examined, with a linear fitness function outperforming an inverse fitness function by up to 5% for the same calculation time. The genetic algorithm approach is computationally fast, allowing the schedule to be rapidly recalculated in response to unexpected delays and breakdowns. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Publication strategies for academic career development in mining engineering.
- Author
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Saydam, Serkan and Kecojevic, Vladislav
- Subjects
MINING education ,EDUCATORS ,CAREER development ,MINING engineering ,STRATEGIC planning ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,PUBLICATIONS ,CITATION analysis - Abstract
Academics in mining engineering around the world are expected to publish their research as part of their career development. Different schools have different strategies and expectations for publishing and evaluating the value of the publication. Using an online survey, we asked members of the Society of Mining Professors (SOMP) to indicate in which publication types they publish the most (refereed journals; non-refereed journals; refereed conferences; non-refereed conferences); to list the names of top refereed journals in which their research work has been published; to tell whether their universities count conference publications in the same way as journal publications; to explain how they measure the quality of a journal; to give the factors that contribute to the decision to submit their papers to any particular journal; if their universities consider 'number of citations' of publications and 'h-index' when a faculty member goes through the promotion process; and whether their universities use any kind of metrics to rank contribution as principal author and/or co-author of a publication. The results of this research may be used by SOMP members, particularly junior academic staff members, in planning publication activities and strategies that would support their academic career development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Fully mechanised mixed mining technology involving solid backfilling and caving methods in longwall workface.
- Author
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Fang, Kun, Zhang, Ji-xiong, Zhang, Qiang, Sun, Qiang, Yin, Wei, and Zhou, Fei
- Subjects
MINES & mineral resources ,LANDFILLS ,COAL industry ,COAL mining ,CAVING - Abstract
Consolidated backfill mining technology has been widely popularised in China. However, the complicated backfilling and mining processes as well as low productivity of the backfilling and mining workface has made it more difficult for collieries to survive during the downturn of coal industry. In this condition, this paper introduces an innovative mining method based on consolidated backfill mining technology, namely, mixed mining technology involving solid backfilling and caving methods, and presents its underlying technical principles. In addition, the paper describes the controlling mechanism of strata movement and its three main systems: underground separation system for coal and gangue, underground crushing system for gangue, and fully mechanised mixed system involving mining and backfilling. An engineering application of this method at the Pingdingshan No. 12 colliery shows that during a 2-month period in the Ji15-31010 workface, 142 thousand metric tons of coal resources were extracted, with 73 thousand metric tons of gangue being backfilled. In addition, the controlling effect of the strata movement is found to be satisfying and the economic benefits are remarkable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Cutoff grade economic strategy for byproduct mineral commodity operation: rare earth case study.
- Author
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Nieto, A and Zhang, K Y
- Subjects
COMMERCIAL products ,PARAMETER estimation ,TECHNICAL specifications ,RARE earth metals ,ECONOMIC forecasting ,ALGORITHMS ,METALLURGICAL analysis - Abstract
In a byproduct mining operation, the optimal economic cutoff grade of the primary product is significantly impacted by the economic parameters of the byproduct. Economic indicators such as market price, mining and processing costs, metallurgical recovery, and tonnage grade distribution must be considered in order to maximise the total net present value (NPV) of the operation. In this paper, an NPV byproduct maximisation algorithm for a rare earth's mining project is introduced, considering the extraction and processing of a byproduct. The algorithm is based on Lane's using an equivalent factor to determine cutoff grade for each of the two mineral products. The extraction strategy, including optimum mine life, cutoff grade, and corresponding optimal NPV are determined by the algorithm. A rare earth case study is illustrated to confirm the model. The paper concludes that the price variability of byproduct (Dysprosium, Dy) significantly influences the cutoff grade of primary product (Neodymium, Nd). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Evaluation of valley closure subsidence effects under irregular topographic conditions.
- Author
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Zhang, C, Mitra, R, and Hebblewhite, B
- Subjects
SURFACE topography ,VALLEYS ,CONVERGENT evolution ,MINING engineering ,NUMERICAL analysis - Abstract
When mining occurs beneath or in the vicinity of valleys and other forms of irregular surface topography, the observed vertical subsidence at the base of the valley is less than that would be expected in flat terrain, while the observed horizontal movement of valley sides is greater than that in flat terrain. The reduction in subsidence at the bottom of the valley is referred to as upsidence and the convergence of two sides of the valley is termed valley closure. Researchers have identified the phenomenon of valley closure and upsidence as being very significant parts of non-conventional subsidence effects over the past 15 years in Australia. This paper aims to review and evaluate the recent developments in studying mining induced valley closure subsidence effects. The main issues addressed in this paper are: empirical predictions of valley closure and upsidence; numerical modelling approaches; and mechanisms behind this behaviour based on field measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Determining blast damage envelope through vibration model and validation using seismic imaging.
- Author
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Dey, K and Murthy, V M S R
- Subjects
BLASTING ,VIBRATION (Mechanics) ,EXPLOSIVES ,MINING engineering ,COMPUTER simulation ,SEISMIC reflection method ,ROCK deformation - Abstract
Blast induced rock damage has been related to peak particle velocity (PPV) by many researchers. Some researchers have estimated threshold values of PPV for rock damage by using the Holmberg-Persson near field formula (modified in this paper) and by extrapolation. In this paper, we propose a mathematical formula for assessing the extent of the damage zone by extending the formula proposed by Holmberg and Persson (1979) for the near field vibration approximation. This model gives the damage envelope when plotted in space (x,y). To test the acceptability of the proposed model, a crater blast experiment has been carried out in a surface mining bench with 1 m long and 32 mm diameter drill holes. The holes were loaded with 250 g (0·4 m) of explosive. Vibrations were monitored close to the blast site to establish the vibration predictor. The blast site was seismically imaged before and after the blast. The seismic images (pre- and post-blast) were analysed to determine the extent of rock damage and the damage envelope was computed using the proposed model. It was found that the damage envelopes obtained from the proposed model and from seismic imaging are in close agreement and it can thus be inferred that the proposed PPV based model is a valid means of determining the damage zone. In addition, the damage zones predicted from seismic images were 2-30 times larger than the physically measured crater volumes. Seismic imaging has thus been found suitable for determining the damage extent with reasonable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Elliptical airblast overpressure model.
- Author
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Richards, A. B.
- Subjects
MATHEMATICAL models ,BLASTING ,HOLOGRAPHY ,ELLIPTIC surfaces ,DECIBELS ,AERIAL photographs - Abstract
This paper describes an elliptical airblast overpressure model that has been developed to assess airblast levels resulting in the area surrounding a blast site using levels measured or predicted at one or more positions. The model produces decibel contour plans to a scale that can be superimposed on plans or scaled air photos of the blast site and surrounding area. The paper gives details of the development and use of the model, and multistation analyses that have been carried out to establish its validity. Details are given of other factors influencing airblast levels, and limitations on the use of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Some comments regarding development drifting practices with special emphasis on caving applications.
- Author
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Hustrulid, W.
- Subjects
MINERAL industries ,CAVES ,MINING corporations ,INDUSTRIAL safety ,CIVIL engineering - Abstract
Mass mining systems such as block caving and sublevel caving have been applied in the successful extraction of large orebodies for more than a century. Although the fundamental concepts have largely remained the same, both the designs and particularly the equipment used have seen remarkable changes over the years. Effective development drifting has played, and continues to play, a key role in the successful application and operation of caving methods. With the continuing search for an introduction of more cost effective extraction systems, 'engineered' drifting will play an even more central role in the future. An important ingredient in this regard is the acceptance of the concept of smoothwall excavation and then its whole hearted introduction and use by mining companies. To assist in this process, the central part of this paper will deal with practical smoothwall blast design for development drifting. Experience and knowledge gained while conducting an extensive research and development programme on cautious blasting in drifting by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) will be highlighted. The paper concludes with some ideas regarding future developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Monitoring open stope caving at Goldex Mine.
- Author
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Hudyma, M. R., Frenette, P., and Leslie, I.
- Subjects
CAVING ,MINES & mineral resources ,EARTHQUAKE zones ,METALLURGY - Abstract
Goldex is a sublevel open stoping mine near Val-d'Or in northwestern Quebec. The orebody will be extracted in stages, using a novel mining method, resulting in a single stope with the dimensions of 450 m on strike, 250 m in height and up to a width of 120 m. A microseismic monitoring system was designed to monitor the profile of the large stopes and the extent of overbreak around the stopes. This paper discusses the design of the seismic system, and the results of the seismic monitoring with regard to observations of stope performance. In particular, the paper discusses how the seismic source parameter Apparent Stress can be used to identify areas of active rock mass fracturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Smart Marker System - a new tool for measuring underground orebody flow in block and sublevel mines.
- Author
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Whiteman, D. S.
- Subjects
MINES & mineral resources ,ROCK mechanics ,MINERAL industries ,METALLURGY ,ORES - Abstract
In the past, measurement of ore flow in block and sublevel caves has been performed with passive 'markers' (often made from steel pipes) embedded into the orebody. Extracting passive markers along with the ore is labour intensive and often requires many years of commitment. The Smart Marker System uses hardened radio frequency identification technology to automate the marker detection process, allowing the measurement and analysis of underground ore movement to be carried out without affecting production draw rates. This paper presents the results from block and sublevel cave testing of the Smart Marker System from late 2008 and throughout 2009. Block cave testing was carried out at Rio Tinto's Northparkes E26, and sublevel cave testing was done at Newcrest's Telfer Mine. The test results demonstrated the successful use of the automated system in the underground production environment and provided high resolution, real-time extraction data suitable for the analysis of underground orebody movement. This paper also addresses the use of real-time marker data in the analysis of back-break, ore flowrates, dilution entry and rill detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Development of serious computer game based training module and its integration into working at heights mine site induction-Part I.
- Author
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Stothard, P. and van den Hengel, A.
- Subjects
VIDEO games ,SIMULATION methods & models ,MINERAL industries ,MINES & mineral resources - Abstract
This paper reports the findings of a collaborative project that developed and demonstrated a serious computer game (SCG) based simulation training module for mine site inductions. It is the first of two papers. The project was collaboration between the University of New South Wales, the University of Adelaide, BHPB Olympic Dam Expansion, Resources and Engineering Skills Alliance, TAFESA and Skills DMC. The project was a pilot aimed at improving mine site inductions by developing a prototype SCG for trainers to incorporate into their regular training activities. The outcome was a high quality generic SCG that provides an interactive visualisation of an Australian mine site operation under construction. The conclusions and recommendations derived from this part of the study are summarised and discussion on the improvement of the SCG based simulation module is presented and some recommendations made. Scientific testing of the module and its site deployment are presented in the subsequent paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Managing the cumulative groundwater impacts of multiple iron ore projects at Cape Preston (or ... one plus one plus one plus one does not equal four).
- Author
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Sheppard, G., Gallardo, A., Hall, J., and Strizek, M.
- Subjects
GROUNDWATER ,WATER quality management ,WATER management ,IRON ores ,MINES & mineral resources - Abstract
Mineralogy and coproponents Sino Iron, International Minerals and Austeel are in the process of developing four world class magnetite iron ore mines with multiple open pits along a 25 km strike length of Brockman Iron Formation to the south of Cape Preston on the West Pilbara coast. The close proximity of the proposed pits raises some challenging project approvals and environmental management issues relating to the impacts of dewatering at individual projects and the cumulative impacts of progressive development on local and regional groundwater resources, which includes a large fresh water aquifer system in the Fortescue River alluvium. This paper presents an outline of the hydro-environmental impact assessment process adopted and the key result that the cumulative impacts of dewatering at all four projects on the local brackish groundwater system in the basement rocks is only marginally more than the impact of any one project on its own, and that the impact on the Fortescue River alluvium aquifer is negligible. The paper also presents an outline of the proposed integrated water management approach that will involve coordinated monitoring, ongoing impact assessment and management, and reporting programs for all projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Detection effectiveness of angled versus vertical drilling.
- Author
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Harrisson, B. K.
- Subjects
DRILLING & boring ,CAVING techniques ,STOCHASTIC processes ,BINOMIAL theorem ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,MINERAL industries - Abstract
The paper examines the conventional belief that angled holes are more detection effective than vertical holes with dipping targets. The examination uses a binomial probability framework. Analysis in two and three dimensions shows that all holes can be evaluated for detection effectiveness in three dimensions but only standard vertical holes can be in two dimensions. A programme of standard vertical holes using its two-dimensional advantage had a higher detection capability than one of standard angled holes irrespective of the target's orientation. Although this outcome is at odds with the conventional model, the paper shows that the conventional model contains fundamental flaws. It identifies their source and explains why they occurred. These flaws together with evidence provided by the binomial model lead the paper to conclude that the conventional belief cannot be sustained. The financial implications of this conclusion for the industry are significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Slope stability analysis and slide monitoring by inclinometer readings: Part 2.
- Author
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Konak, G., Onur, A. H., Karakus, D., Köse, H., Koca, Y., and Yenice, H.
- Subjects
NATURAL disasters ,EARTHQUAKES ,SEISMOLOGY ,ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,COAL ,FOSSIL fuels - Abstract
This part of the study covers the method of slope stability analysis and the necessary precautions to he taken to stop mass movement. the details of which have been given in the accompanying paper. Here, backfilling that was planned to provide support against the moving mass and the amount of coal lo be left beneath the backfilling were examined. After starting to apply the most suitable alternative protection plan to restrain sliding by three alternatives in the early 2000s, the inclinometer readings provided supervision guidance over the slope movements. The results and comments on the inclinometer readings are also covered in this paper. Results taken from instrumentation work have been compared with the amount of backfill placed so far and the relationship between small-scale earthquakes that the nearby area of the study and slope movement have been given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Truck-shovel allocation optimisation: a goal programming approach.
- Author
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Upadhyay, S. P. and Askari-Nasab, H.
- Subjects
MINERAL industries ,RESOURCE allocation ,SHOVELS ,TRUCKS ,GOAL programming ,MIXED integer linear programming - Abstract
Decision-making in mining is a challenging task. Optimal decisions regarding shovel and truck allocations, in consideration to the short-term production schedule, are very important to keep the operations inline with the planned objectives of the company in long term. This paper presents a mixed integer linear goal programming (MILGP) model to optimise the operations based on four desired goals of the company: (a) maximise production, (b) minimise deviations in head grade, (c) minimise deviations in tonnage feed to the processing plants from the desired feed, and (d) minimise operating cost. The model provides shovel assignments and the target productions; as an input to the dispatching system while meeting the desired goals and constraints of the mining operation. The model implementation with an iron ore mine case study provided average plant utilisation above 99%, average truck utilisation above 92% and average shovel utilisation above 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Development of a generalised dilution-based stability graph for open stope design.
- Author
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Papaioanou, A. and Suorineni, F. T.
- Subjects
DILUTION ,MINERAL industries ,ACQUISITION of data ,BAYESIAN analysis ,LIKELIHOOD ratio tests ,GRAPH theory - Abstract
With decreasing profits, optimising the size of stopes to minimise dilution is a step towards achieving a productive and profitable mining operation. The stability graph was developed for the determination of stope sizes in wide orebodies to control dilution in bulk mining. Unfortunately, this graph is qualitative and stopes can only be described as stable, unstable or cave. The equivalent linear overbreak slough stability graph is quantitative but only gives average depths of failure. The graph is also only applicable to narrow vein orebodies. This paper presents a generalised quantitative dilution-based stability graph independent of orebody width. Data were collected from six underground metalliferous mines across Australia and statistically analysed using logistic regression and the Bayesian likelihood discrimination methods. The graphs provide the mining engineer the flexibility to design open stope sizes based on acceptable dilution to a given operation. More data could improve the reliability of the graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. A new open-pit multi-stage mine production timetabling model for drilling, blasting and excavating operations.
- Author
-
Kozan, E. and Liu, S. Q.
- Subjects
STRIP mining ,MINERAL industries ,TIME perspective ,DRILLING & boring ,BLASTING ,EXCAVATING machinery - Abstract
This paper proposes a new multi-resource multi-stage mine production timetabling problem for optimising the open-pit drilling, blasting and excavating operations under equipment capacity constraints. The flow process is analysed based on the real-life data from an Australian iron ore mine site. The objective of the model is to maximise the throughput and minimise the total idle times of equipment at each stage. The following comprehensive mining attributes and constraints are considered: types of equipment; operating capacities of equipment; ready times of equipment; speeds of equipment; block-sequence-dependent movement times; equipment-assignment-dependent operational times; etc. The model also provides the availability and usage of equipment units at multiple operational stages such as drilling, blasting and excavating stages. The problem is formulated by mixed integer programming and solved by ILOG-CPLEX optimiser. The proposed model is validated with extensive computational experiments to improve mine production efficiency at the operational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Numerical modelling of rock-burst loading for use in rock support design at Codelco's New Mine Level Project.
- Author
-
Jarufe, J. A. and Vasquez, P.
- Subjects
ROCK bursts ,MATHEMATICAL models ,MINES & mineral resources ,VELOCITY ,ENERGY consumption - Abstract
The New Mine Level Project is a 130 000 tonnes per day (tpd) panel caving project set to start in 2017. The high stresses, complex structural setting and high mining rates present major challenges in terms of seismicity management and rockburst hazard reduction. This paper is a case study of the calculation of the energy requirements needed to design a dynamic support system for this operation. This analysis starts with the estimation of the seismic source, forecast through the use of numerical modelling and verified with observed past data; later peak particle velocity (PPV) is calculated at the drifts using a PPV attenuation model and an amplification factor is used near the excavations. The amount of fractured rock around the drifts that could be ejected by a seismic event is calculated through numerical modelling. With the ejection velocity estimated from PPVs, energy demand is obtained. All the values resulting from numerical analysis were compared to historical data of similar mine sectors. As the results show that the methodology used in this paper agrees well with previously observed rockburst episodes, it was used to calculate the yielding support of this new deep mine project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. An application of mathematical programming to determine the best height of draw in block-cave sequence optimisation.
- Author
-
Pourrahimian, Y. and Askari-Nasab, H.
- Subjects
MATHEMATICAL programming ,NET present value ,ALGORITHMS ,PRODUCTION scheduling ,MINES & mineral resources - Abstract
Planning block-caving operations poses complexities in different areas such as safety, environment, ground control and production scheduling. The objective of this paper is to develop a practical optimisation framework for production scheduling of block-caving operations. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation is developed, implemented and verified in the TOMLAB/CPLEX environment. In this formulation, the slices within each draw column are aggregated into selective units using a hierarchical clustering algorithm and the mining reserve is computed as a result of the optimal production schedule for each advancement direction. This paper presents a model application of a production schedule for 102 drawpoints with 3457 slices over 14 periods. The results show in order to obtain the maximum net present value (NPV), only 88% of the reserve is extracted. Also, the solving time for the presented method is 78 times faster than method without slice aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Predictive modelling of airblast overpressure.
- Author
-
Richards, A. B.
- Subjects
AIR blast circuit breakers ,PREDICTION models ,BLAST effect ,THERMAL shielding ,SURFACE topography ,METEOROLOGY ,SEQUENTIAL pattern mining - Abstract
Significant factors affecting airblast overpressure from blasting are charge mass, distance from blast, face height and orientation, topographic shielding, stemming height and type, blasthole diameter and burden, burden and spacing, sequential initiation timing, and meteorological conditions. This paper describes modelling techniques that have been developed to evaluate the effects of these factors, and methodologies that have been used for the predictive assessment of airblast overpressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Application of laser scanning to measure fragmentation in underground mines.
- Author
-
Campbell, A. D. and Thurley, M. J.
- Subjects
MINES & mineral resources ,ROCKS ,MECHANICAL loads ,CAVING ,PARTICLE size distribution - Abstract
The particle size distribution of fragmented rock in mines affects operational performance of loading equipment, materials handling and crushing systems and is known to influence ore flow in caving mines. A number of methods to measure rock fragmentation exist at present, however these systems have a number of shortcomings in an underground environment. This paper outlines the first implementation of high resolution 3D laser scanning for fragmentation measurement in an underground mine. The system is now used routinely for fragmentation measurement at the Ernest Henry sublevel cave mine following extensive testing and calibration. The system is being used to study the effects of blasting parameters on rock fragmentation to optimise blast design. Results from 125 three dimensional scans measured the averageP50andP80to be 230 mm and 400 mm respectively. The equipment, methodology and analysis techniques are described in detail to enable application of the measurement system at other mines. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Impact of technical and operational factors on effectiveness of automatic load-haul-dump machines.
- Author
-
Gustafson, Anna, Paraszczak, Jacek, Tuleau, Jocelyn, and Schunnesson, Håkan
- Subjects
IMPACT (Mechanics) ,MECHANICAL loads ,MINES & mineral resources ,RELIABILITY in engineering ,AUTOMATION - Abstract
The use of automatic load-haul-dump (LHD) machines in underground metal mines is a promising way to overcome some of the challenges now facing mining companies. They offer several potential benefits over man-operated units, mostly in terms of safety and health of the workers, but also in terms of higher availability, increased productivity, and reduced mining cost. That said, using such systems at their full capacity is a challenging and complex task. In this context, after describing some commercially available equipment and systems, the paper examines factors affecting reliability, availability and productivity of automatic LHDs and notes several technical and operational concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Optimising combined open pit and underground strategic plan.
- Author
-
Roberts, B, Elkington, T, van Olden, K, and Maulen, M
- Subjects
STRIP mining ,STRATEGIC planning ,MATHEMATICAL optimization ,DYNAMIC programming ,MATHEMATICAL programming ,MINES & mineral resources - Abstract
This paper examines the case of a large open pit that is being planned at the site of an existing underground mine. Strategic planning work is undertaken to investigate the project value associated with an expansion of underground operations in conjunction with the proposed pit. Previous analysis by mine planners has determined that any depletion of the available open pit resource that changes the optimum pushback sequence will have a significant negative impact on overall project value. As a result, the main objective of this case study is to determine a strategic plan capable of yielding the optimum economic value for a combined underground-open pit operation. To investigate the viability of an underground expansion, a system to identify the stope resource that would add value to a combined operation if mined ahead of the pit is required. The main solution to this problem is the use of a resource model variable that defines the blocks which have greater discounted value if mined by stoping rather than by the open pit. From this potential underground resource, a series of mineable stope shells are generated at various cut-offs. This stope reserve data formed the input to an optimisation process used to optimise the underground mining plan, at a conceptual level, for various project configurations. Then, a dynamic programming mathematical program is used to evaluate the optimum value of a combined open pit and underground operation. The results generated in the case study presented herein provide a clear focus and direction for the next level of detailed mine design and planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Progress with empirical performance charting for confident selection of ground support in seismic conditions.
- Author
-
Mikula, P A
- Subjects
MINES & mineral resources ,EARTHQUAKE damage ,ENGINEERING geology ,ENERGY dissipation ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations ,GROUND control (Mining) ,EMPIRICAL research - Abstract
The methods available for estimating dynamic-capable ground support requirements need to contend with the extreme variability of the mining environment in dynamic conditions, and uncertainties in knowledge of seismic-related data. The site geotechnical engineer, with the task of selecting a ground support scheme, is searching for a sufficient engineering result in the face of this variability and uncertainty. While knowledge has progressed rapidly in the field, it is not yet possible to have full confidence in mechanistic selection methods because they depend on various assumptions, and do not cater for variability and uncertainty in operational mining. The empirical chart approach by contrast bypasses many assumptions and accommodates the variability, so it can stand as an operational tool. The empirical approach in this paper is based on underground observations of seismic damage and the performance of ground support at three Australian mines. It defines working relationships between peak particle velocity due to seismicity, the load and energy dissipation capacities of ground support, and the damage occurring in excavations. The charts facilitate selection of the required ground support load and energy dissipation capacities for a defined dynamic environment. A key advantage of the empirical approach is that it is calibrated to the peculiarities of the specific mine site. The charts have also given insight into criteria that indicate whether a support scheme is adequately resistant against failure of weak links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Understanding main causes of nitrogen oxide fumes in surface blasting.
- Author
-
Onederra, I, Bailey, V, Cavanough, G, and Torrance, A
- Subjects
NITRIC oxide ,BLASTING ,MINING engineering ,POISONOUS gases ,EXPLOSIVES analysis ,COAL mining - Abstract
Post-blast nitrogen oxide fumes (NOx) from surface blasting activities have become an important operational issue in Australian Coal mines. Post-blast fumes are a direct product of the detonation process which can be easily identified as the resultant yellow to orange post-blast clouds. There is general agreement that the conditions leading to fumes are associated with fuel deficiencies or incomplete detonation of the explosive product. From a practical perspective this can be due to one or a combination of factors such as explosive product characteristics, confinement effects, ground conditions, inappropriate blast design parameters, explosive product selection, on-bench practices and potential contamination of explosive product in the blasthole. This paper presents the preliminary results of a project funded by the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP). The main objective of this project is to gain a better understanding of the principal causes of post-blast fumes at the operational level so that incidences can be minimised. Results from a comprehensive literature review, an industry survey and analysis of newly established blast registers have indicated that an appropriate matching of product to ground is essential to minimise fume incidences. For this to occur there must be a clear understanding of the potential impact of the characteristics of key components in any given product formulation and ANFO/Emulsion blends. Analysis has confirmed the impact of confinement and ground conditions as well as the potential contamination of product with fine drill cuttings near the stemming region. Trends associated with increases in the likelihood of fume incidences from long sleep times were identified but could not be entirely confirmed with the available data. The analysis on overburden blasts showed that it is fair to assume that the likelihood of high level fume incidences may increase when a product is slept for >10 days and that decisions to have product sleeping for longer periods should be supported by a good understanding of the product characteristics and ground conditions (geology and hydrogeology). Further work is required to build capabilities to verify on-bench product specifications and characteristics including the ability to measure in hole density changes, product moisture, verify AN/Emulsion blending ratios and undertake a more through characterisation of ground conditions. It is also important to extend the range of measurement systems to evaluate the performance of the detonation process in situ. To that end the authors have embarked in the development of instrumentation to better understand the impact of changing characteristics of explosive products in situ; a brief description and preliminary results from this research effort are also discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Efficient vehicle haulage in underground mines.
- Author
-
Anjomshoa, H, Albrecht, A R, Lee, D H, and Pudney, P J
- Subjects
SUBLIMINAL perception ,TRUCKS ,AUTOMOBILE trains ,ABANDONED mines ,VEHICLE models ,MIXED integer linear programming ,COMPUTER network resources ,MAINTENANCE - Abstract
In many underground mines, haulage vehicles (trucks or road trains) carry ore from underground loading stations to the surface. Vehicles travel in declines with occasional passing bays that allow descending empty vehicles to pull off the main path and wait for ascending laden vehicles to pass. The haulage productivity of a mine is affected by the number of passing bays and their locations. We have developed a simulator and a mixed integer programming model to study the optimal location of passing bays and the associated sizing and scheduling of the haulage fleet. This paper presents some practical implications of our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. A mixed integer linear programming model for short-term open pit mine production scheduling.
- Author
-
Eivazy, H and Askari-Nasab, H
- Subjects
STRIP mining ,LINEAR programming ,MINERAL industries ,MIXED integer linear programming ,IRON ores ,MILLSTONES ,MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Short-term production scheduling in open pit mines usually generates a scheme to enable mining operations to deliver the budgeted tonnes and grades to the mill while following the long-term mine plan. The goal of this paper is to develop and test an optimisation model for short-term open pit mine production scheduling. A multidestination mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed, which minimises the overall cost of mining operations including mining, processing, haulage, rehandling and rehabilitation costs. The model is solved by branch-and-cut algorithm using TOMLAB/CPLEX optimiser. The model incorporates buffer and blending stockpiles, horizontal directional mining, and decisions on ramps while controlling technical constraints. A monthly production schedule in an iron ore mine is developed over 12 months to illustrate the practicality of the developed model. Three scenarios with different mining horizontal directions are considered. The scenario with minimum number of drop-cuts is selected as the best practical schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Robust, flexible and operational mine design strategies.
- Author
-
Groeneveld, B, Topal, E, and Leenders, B
- Subjects
STRATEGIC planning ,DECISION making in science ,MINERAL industry equipment ,ROBUST control ,SYSTEMS design ,INDUSTRIAL research ,PLANNING - Abstract
Strategic planning in mining is an important value accretive process. One of the most essential aspects during the planning phase is determining the correct system design. A traditional mine design process develops a fixed system for one set of conditions or expected values. An alternative is to develop a robust system that deals with variation, by handling a range of conditions within the optimisation process. Conversely, a flexible design can be generated which changes the system dynamically over time in response to change. It is hypothesised that a flexible design generates more value than a robust design which in turn generates more value than a traditional design. However, due to constant change, a fully flexible design is not practical. Ideally, a hybrid of the two methods would be optimal. An operational design is proposed as a manual solution to this problem. This paper compares these different new design methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Personal perspective on paste and thickened tailings: a decade on.
- Author
-
Boger, D V
- Subjects
METAL tailings ,WATER softening sludge ,FLUID mechanics ,ROOFTOP construction ,DESIGN - Abstract
The technology to manufacture 'designer waste' is now available. This paper examines the very important and positive impact that the International Paste and Thickened Tailings Seminars have had on developing this technology, examines the current technology and challenges, looks at the broader environmental perspective and finally, lists some recommendations. The major conclusion and recommendation is that traditional tailings dams can and should be eliminated for flocculated fine particle suspensions by producing and stacking a designer paste. Reclamation can and should then occur concurrently with the paste stacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Rock mass strength at depth and implications for pillar design.
- Author
-
Kaiser, P K, Kim, B, Bewick, R P, and Valley, B
- Subjects
COLUMN design & construction ,STRENGTH of materials ,MINES & mineral resources ,ROCKS ,UNDERGROUND areas - Abstract
Construction of infrastructure in deep underground mines depends on an understanding of near wall rock behaviour as well as the ultimate load bearing capacity of confined rock, and thus on a reliable strength criterion for the rock near and far from the excavation. The topic of brittle failing rock i.e. rock failure dominated by tensile crack and fracture propagation even under low overall compressive conditions, is briefly summarised. Recently, it was suggested that the failure envelop for the entire confinement range of brittle rocks and rock masses is distinctly S-shaped. If validated, this impacts engineering problems such as pillar design where both wall instability and confined rock mass stability issues need to be considered. This paper explores the limitations and potential opportunities in pillar design. It is illustrated that current empirical design rules may be flawed and further studies are required to arrive at more economic designs for pillars at depth, or under high stress, and in brittle failing rock masses. When confined in the core of pillars, the rock mass may exhibit superior strength than typically assumed by Mohr–Coulomb or Hoek–Brown failure criteria as it will fail differently than near the wall. As a result, pillar strength may be underestimated based on field observations and if procedures of rock strength back analysis from near wall behaviour are adopted to determine the rock mass strength envelop. This means that the strength of pillars with width to height (W/H) ratios exceeding 1·5 to 2 may be systematically underestimated and may become burst prone, as the core may not yield as anticipated. Consequently, pillar designs based on current empirical rules may be inadvertently conservative and thus not optimal from an economic perspective. This aspect is of particular interest for block cave mines where drawpoint spacing may have a significant impact on cave propagation, recovery performance, and economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Two-stage clustering algorithm for block aggregation in open pit mines.
- Author
-
Tabesh, M and Askari-Nasab, H
- Subjects
STRIP mining ,CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) ,CLUSTERING of particles ,MATHEMATICAL models ,BUSINESS planning - Abstract
One of the main obstacles in using exact optimisation methods for open pit production scheduling is the size of real mining problems, which forms an intractable optimisation problem. The objective of this paper is to develop, implement, verify and validate a clustering algorithm for block aggregation for the purpose of production scheduling. The algorithm aggregates blocks into selective mining units based on a similarity index which is defined based on rock types, ore grades and distances between blocks. A two-stage clustering approach based on agglomerative hierarchical algorithm and tabu search is developed and tested. The algorithm is validated by a case study on an iron ore life of mine production schedule. The results illustrate that the size and shape of the aggregated blocks have 10–15% effect on the project's net present value and also a significant impact on the practicality of long term production schedules genereated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Mining of orebodies under shear loading Part 1 - case histories.
- Author
-
Suorineni, F T, Kaiser, P K, Mgumbwa, J J, and Thibodeau, D
- Subjects
SHEAR (Mechanics) ,GEOMETRY ,MINES & mineral resources ,MECHANICAL loads ,STRUCTURAL geology - Abstract
The conditions for rockbursts occurrence are traditionally identified as: high stress, high extraction ratio, strong brittle rocks, folding, faulting and unfavourable excavation geometry. Some rockbursts cannot be explained by any one or a combination of these factors. Salamon (1983) stated that a disconcerting feature of rockbursts is that they defy conventional explanation. Based on detailed review of case histories, this paper identifies oblique loading of orebodies by the major far field principal stress as a cause of rockbursts. Orebodies subjected to this loading condition are termed orebodies in shear. Orebodies in shear are subjected to compressive and shear loads. This paper shows it is risky to generalise that tabular orebodies have their axis perpendicular to the major far field principal stress. This study identifies characteristics of orebodies in shear and the consequences of not taking this loading mechanism into account in the planning, design and mining of such orebodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Empirical methods for assessment of seismic system sensitivity.
- Author
-
Wesseloo, J
- Subjects
SEISMOLOGY ,EMPIRICAL research ,MINES & mineral resources ,MESHFREE methods ,EARTHQUAKES ,DETECTORS ,SENSITIVITY theory (Mathematics) - Abstract
One of the basic performance characteristics of the seismic system is its sensitivity. An appreciation of the spatial variation of m min is important for the correct interpretation of seismic data and the planning of future expansion of the seismic system. This paper will discuss the empirical evaluation of the system sensitivity applied to the data from two Australian mines. The method discussed here is reliant on enough seismic data being available and is per se not applicable to greenfields sites. A gridless method for the evaluation of mmin with respect to the distance to sensors is proposed as a stable and relatively easy first order approach to the evaluation of the system sensitivity that overcomes some of the problems of the other methods. This method is easy to understand and facilitate the conceptualisation of the influence of the sensor locations on the system sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Estimating sampling and analytical errors of multiple source mine output blended into shipping product.
- Author
-
Everett, J E and Ziegelaar, B
- Subjects
IRON ores ,IRON mining ,MARITIME shipping ,MATERIALS handling ,REGRESSION analysis ,PERFORMANCE evaluation ,SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
Most internationally traded iron ore resources are derived from multiple mine sites, transported to a port facility where they are blended and possibly further processed before shipping. Provided the proportion of contributions varies over a number of shipments, an estimate can be made of the bias introduced by mine site sampling, analysis and materials handling systems, using zero-intercept multiple linear regression. Further regression applied to the residuals allows the error variances for the source mines to be estimated. Various sampling strategies are used by the industry. All have shipment loading sampling on which payment or at least provisional payment is based. In most cases, sampling pre-stockpile is used at mine sites to verify estimated production grades. Train grades are estimated from mine stockpile grades and in some cases train grades are verified by port input sampling. The methodology used is presented in this paper. Simulated data have been used and do not reflect the actual performance of any operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Interpretation of seismic data and numerical modelling of fault reactivation at El Teniente, Reservas Norte sector.
- Author
-
Potvin, Y., Jarufe, J., and Wesseloo, J.
- Subjects
MINES & mineral resources ,ROCK mechanics ,MINERAL industries - Abstract
Reservas Norte (RENO) is one of the panel caving sectors of El Teniente mines, owned by Codelco Chile. The sector has experienced mine induced seismicity for many years. The work presented in this paper focuses on seismic activity recorded between the period from January 2004 to July 2008. The interpretation of the seismic data revealed that the sources of elevated seismic hazard (large events) at RENO during this period could be attributed to four major geological structures: Falla G, Falla F, Falla C, Falla N1. In particular, the seismic response of the four structures to undercut blasting activities is examined in detail. The use of numerical modelling has shown that it is possible to simulate this response after calibrating the model against the cumulative seismic moment released by the faults, as mining advances towards them. This calibrated numerical model can then be used to forecast future seismic responses. The main product of this work is a tool that can be used to rank different undercutting rates and geometries in terms of seismic hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Proximity warning and terrain modelling system based on Delaunay triangulation and surface spline interpolation.
- Author
-
Nieto, A. and Peng, S. L.
- Subjects
GLOBAL Positioning System ,WIRELESS communications ,SYSTEMS software ,COMPUTER networks ,COMMUNICATION & technology - Abstract
A three-dimensional real time proximity warning system (PWS) has been developed using a combination of object oriented programming techniques, open graphics library (OpenGL), global positioning system (GPS) and wireless communications networking. The main purpose of this research is to probe the application of information technologies in preventing the run-over incidents that occur frequently in large mobile equipment operations in open pit mining. The system provides three major functions: first, the system has the ability to display three-dimensional drawing exchange format (DXF) maps and has the basic map operation functions such as zoom in, zoom out, move, rotate, etc. Second, the system can show the real time positions of the trucks on the laptop installed on the truck and generate warming information when the clients are too close to each other, and then send the warming information to the client trucks. Third, the system has the ability to record the GPS positions and regenerate the surface of the mine based on the new recorded positions. So the surface maps of the mine can be updated timely. The whole system can be divided into two parts: server and clients. The clients can be any moving utilities with a GPS device installed. The server is responsible for the communication between the clients, monitors the behaviour of the clients and computes the distance between the clients in real time. Whenever the distance between two clients is less than the safe distance, warning messages will be sent to the clients and shown on the computer screens installed on the clients. The hardware of the system contains the wireless network, GPS receivers and computers installed on trucks. The system can also be applied to other industrial applications to monitor the activities of moving utilities and improve operational safety. This paper will explain the development of the system and display the field test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Simulation modelling of grade variability for iron ore mining, crushing, stockpiling and ship loading operations.
- Author
-
Everett, J. E., Howard, T. J., and Jupp, K.
- Subjects
IRON mining ,IRON ores ,SIMULATION methods & models ,FREIGHT & freightage - Abstract
Cliffs Natural Resources Pty Ltd (CNR) operates iron ore mines in the Koolyanobbing region of Western Australia, ∼50 km north of the town of Southern Cross. Ore is trucked from three geographically isolated sources to the crusher at Koolyanobbing, where it is blended before and during crushing. Lump and fine products are produced and railed to Esperance for ship loading and export to Asian customers. The CNR is examining alternative processing paths, from mining to ship loading, with the aim of improving efficiency and reducing costs. Modifications to the system must be consistent with potential future expansions and maintain the low intershipment grade variability on which CNR prides itself and has built a strong relationship with its customers. In searching for the optimum process design, many options from mine face to ship loading must be evaluated and compared. Pilot plant studies are infeasible, while complex mineralogical interactions, competing goals and numerous possible system configurations limit the applicability of theoretical analysis. It was therefore concluded that simulation modelling would provide the confidence to take the next step into production trials. This paper describes techniques applied at CNR to simulate grade variability resulting from potential process design changes. The simulation models are easily run Excel based modules, with each module representing a different part of the process. The modules use extensive Visual Basic macros driven by Excel's user friendly interfaces. Presentation of the results is enhanced by Excel's excellent graphical capabilities. The simulation software stores and graphically presents time stamped data from a run, enabling detailed analysis of different process configurations. Final success of a simulation run is measured by intershipment variability (standard deviation and process capability) and in process ore tonnages. Meaningful results from the simulations require that the initial input data contain the same correlations present in the real production environment, between the mineral components, production linkages and across time. The data also have to allow simulation of potential changes to mining method and introduction of new pits into the blend. Mining data from the real operations under study are therefore used, with average grades and variability adjusted to match potential future development proposals. It is also necessary to filter out medium and long term variations from the production data, as this variability is best controlled through the conventional medium to long term mine planning process, not by the process design being studied. The filtering was carried out using a Fourier transform technique, which is described. For reasons of commercial confidentiality, detailed data, costs and quantitative conclusions are not reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Understanding mine site water and salt dynamics to support integrated water quality and quantity management.
- Author
-
Vink, S., Moran, C. J., Golding, S. D., Baublys, K., and Nanjappa, V.
- Subjects
MINE water ,WATER quality management ,WATER pollution ,COMPOSITION of water ,WATER supply - Abstract
Water reuse is becoming an integral component of the water management strategy on mine sites. This practise is being driven by corporate sustainability goals, community and societal pressures to demonstrate improved water stewardship, as well as climate and regulatory pressures. However, water reuse often results in water quality compromise which can then result in decreased recovery through problems in processing circuits, product quality, and an increased likelihood of discharge of water that cannot meet environmental regulatory requirements. On most mine sites, there is usually a disjuncture between water quantity management and water quality management with the latter being managed solely as an environmental problem. It is becoming increasingly clear that water quality and quantity must be managed as an integrated system. In order to integrate water quality and quantity management to achieve multiple objectives the dynamics of water and constituents must be understood. Using examples from a study being conducted at a coal mine in the Bowen Basin, this paper will outline the dynamics of water and salts on the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Dewatering bore pumps – reducing costs and emissions by maximising pumping efficiency over time.
- Author
-
Rea, I. and Monaghan, D.
- Subjects
PUMPING machinery ,GROUNDWATER ,WATER supply ,GREENHOUSE gases ,MINE water - Abstract
Pumping water for dewatering and water supply is a major component of electricity consumption at mining operations and hence is a significant contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. Pump systems at a typical mine site can be broadly split between above ground centrifugal pumps (generally used for water transfer) and submersible borehole pumps (generally for dewatering and/or water supply). In contrast to above ground pumps, submersible borehole pumps can be subjected to varying duty points (total pumping head and flow requirements) as a result of changing bore water levels and yields, particularly in mine dewatering bores. Typically, much higher pumping rates are required at the commencement of dewatering to remove groundwater storage and to intercept sufficient groundwater throughflow to achieve target drawdowns. Once target drawdown levels are reached it often only requires much lower pumping rates to maintain target drawdowns. Pumps sized to remove the large initial volumes of stored groundwater often end up too large for the lower flow rate required for 'maintenance pumping'. This often results in pumps operating inefficiently, a problem which can be made worse when pumps are throttled to reduce the pump output to better match the reduced bore yield. Current standard operating practice places little emphasis on the electricity consumed by pumps, with the focus often being on minimising capital expenditure ('If it ain't broke don't fix it'). Submersible pumps can have extended service lives of ten to 20+ years. However as the capital cost of a pump typically represents only five per cent of the life cycle cost, the vast majority of the life cycle cost is energy usage. Through the implementation of a regular review of the operation of borehole pumps, significant reductions in electricity use and associated greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved without impacting the dewatering schedule. In most cases, the capital cost of replacing pumps is more than offset by savings in operating costs. These potential savings become even more significant when considering proposed future carbon tax levees. This paper presents examples of the opportunities for significant reductions in energy, greenhouse gas emissions and overall costs that can be achieved for a range of dewatering scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. An assessment of Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines and Boddington Gold Mine water sources and proposed water auditing framework underpinning improved water allocation compliance and reporting.
- Author
-
Cocks, R. J., Ho, G. E., Anda, M., and Dallas, S.
- Subjects
GOLD mining ,MINE water ,GROUNDWATER ,MINING research ,WATER conservation - Abstract
Water auditing and water conservation measures are fast becoming the quantitative tools for water balance reporting in the mining and minerals processing sector. Therefore, this paper was written to describe the process of water auditing in a goldmining environment and to contribute towards building an appropriate water management framework for The Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for sustainable resource processing (CSRP). The research will assist with the assessment of water balances in mining and hydrometallurgical processes and ongoing probabilistic modelling for Newmont Mining Corporation, its wholly owned gold mines, and its joint venture operation of Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines (KCGM). Kalgold or KCGM are the managers of a joint venture project between Barrick Australia (50 per cent) and Newmont Mining Corporation (50 per cent) at Kalgoorlie, Western Australia (WA). Boddington Gold Mine (BGM), Western Australia, will commence operations this year and manage the new goldmine expansion project. BGM is 100 per cent Newmont owned and will operate to continue mining gold and copper from the existing (BGM) site that was decommissioned in 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Modelling study for assessment of strata behaviour in bord and pillar working under soft floor condition.
- Author
-
Singh, G. S. P. and Singh, U. K.
- Subjects
MINE roof control ,GROUND control (Mining) ,MINES & mineral resources ,CAVING mining ,COALFIELDS - Abstract
Safe and successful mining operation in bord and pillar workings under soft floor conditions requires a proper understanding of strata behaviour for better planning of mining layouts and selection of suitable mining horizon for better strata control and management of conditions arising due to excessive roof–floor convergence in the workings. This paper illustrates a modelling approach to assess the caving behaviour of strata, stress concentration, and roof–floor reactions in a depillaring bord and pillar working of Singareni coalfields in India. Assessment of floor heaving and roof–floor convergence in junctions of advance galleries is conducted with progressive goaf exposure. The calibrated model is used to predict the strata behaviour and roof–floor reactions in another depillaring panel. The modelling study has been helpful in better understanding of strata control issues for a confident decision making to ensure better safety and productivity of mine workings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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