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Lipid storage droplet 1 (LSD-1), a PAT family protein located around lipid droplets in insects, is intimately linked to lipid droplets formation and lipid metabolism. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and rosiglitazone (Rosi) have previously been shown to modulate the expression of several PAT family proteins through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). In the present study, we isolated and characterized a novel LSD- 1 gene, referred to AccLSD- 1, from Chinese honeybee ( Apis cerana cerana). Sequence analysis indicated that the central region of LSD-1 protein had significant sequence similarity and a typical LSD- 1 gene was composed of 8 exons and 7 introns. Interestingly, the first intron of AccLSD- 1 including several PPARγ-response elements (PPREs) was located in 5′ UTR. Analysis of 5′-flanking region of AccLSD- 1 revealed a number of putative cis-acting elements, including three PPREs. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that AccLSD- 1 expressed ubiquitously from feeding larva to adult, and its expression level was highest at brown-eyed pupae (Pb) stage. The effect of CLA, Rosi and combination on AccLSD- 1 expressions indicated 1% CLA and 0.5 mg/ml Rosi were considered as the suitable diets for rearing adult workers in laboratory, and AccLSD- 1 was down-regulated by CLA whereas up-regulated by Rosi. Furthermore, the combination of CLA and Rosi remarkly rescued the suppression of AccLSD- 1 expression by CLA alone. These results suggest that AccLSD- 1 is associated with A. cerana cerana development, especially during pupal metamorphosis, and can be regulated by CLA or Rosi possibly via activating PPARγ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) play an important role in RNA silencing, antiviral and developmental progress. Here, we firstly isolated the full-length cDNA, genomic DNA and 5'-flanking region of RDR6 from Nicotiana glutinosa (NgRDR6). Sequences analysis revealed that the cDNA of NgRDR6 was 3,921 bp in length, and the deduced protein consisted of 1,197 amino acids, containing all highly conserved sequence motifs that are present among all RDRs families. Moreover, two introns were detected in the genomic sequences. We also firstly investigated the expression profiles of plant RDR6 under the treatments of gibberellin A (GA), H(2)O(2,) methyl jasmonate (MeJA), Potato virus Y (PVY), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Rhizoctonia Solani and Colletotrichum nicotianae. In addition, the expression patterns of RDR6 in Nicotiana glutinosa under the treatments of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were also been analyzed. The results indicated that the NgRDR6 mRNA accumulation could be induced by ABA, GA, MeJA, CMV, Rhizoctonia Solani and Colletotrichum nicotianae. In contrast, the expression level of NgRDR6 exhibited no remarkable difference under the treatments of PVY, TMV, H(2)O(2) and SA. Further investigation suggested several potential cis-acting elements were found in the 5'-flanking sequence of NgRDR6, which might be responsible for the enhanced response to phytohormones.

WRKY proteins play important roles in plant defense responses. In the present study, a novel WRKY gene, nominated as GhWRKY3, was isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The full-length cDNA of GhWRKY3 is 1,705 bp in length and encodes a protein with 507 amino acids containing two typical WRKY domains and two zinc finger motifs. Amino acid sequence alignment revealed that GhWRKY3 shares a high degree of identity with other higher plant WRKY proteins. The subcellular localization assay indicated that GhWRKY3 is localized to the nucleus. Analysis of 5'-flanking region of GhWRKY3 revealed a group of putative cis-acting elements. The results of expression analysis indicated that GhWRKY3 is constitutively expressed in roots, stems and leaves. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that GhWRKY3 is up-regulated by application of various phytohormones including salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GAs) and ethylene (ET). Furthermore, the transcripts of GhWRKY3 are enhanced after infection with Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum gossypii and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, respectively. Also, GhWRKY3 can be induced by wounding treatment, but not by cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine, 6-BA), auxin analogue, drought, NaCl, and cold (4°C). These data suggested that GhWRKY3 might play an important role in plant defense responses and fulfill a pivotal role in plant development.