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Previous studies have shown that Tougu Xiaotong capsule (TGXTC) has therapeutic effects on knee osteoarthritis (OA) through multiple targets. However, the mechanisms of action underlying its regulation of subchondral bone reconstruction remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of TGXTC on subchondral bone remodeling. Eighteen six-month-old New Zealand white rabbits of average sex were randomly divided into the normal, model and TGXTC groups. The rabbit knee OA model was induced by a modified Hulth's method in the model and TGXTC groups, but not the normal group. Five weeks postoperatively, intragastric administration of TGXTC was performed for four weeks. After drug administration, the medial femoral condyle and tibia were prepared for observation of cartilage histology via optical microscopy and micro-computed tomography, the serum was collected for biochemical parameters assay and the subchondral bone isolated from the lateral femoral condyle was collected for detection of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA and protein by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that treatment with TGXTC significantly mitigated cartilage injury and subchondral bone damage, improved the parameter of subchondral trabecular bone, decreased alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity, and significantly reducing the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand ratio, reduced the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA and protein. These results suggest that TGXTC could delay the pathological development of OA by regulating subchondral bone remodeling through regulation of bone formation and bone resorption and its relating inflammatory factors, and this may partly explain its clinical efficacy in the treatment of knee OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imbalance of subchondral bone remodeling is a common pathological feature in the progression of osteoarthritis. In the current study, using a rabbit model of knee osteoarthritis, the effects of the Tougu Xiaotong capsule (TGXTC) on the cartilage and subchondral bone were investigated. In addition, osteoprotegerin (OPG), an inducer of bone formation, and receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand (RANKL), a regulator of bone resorption in the subchondral bone, were assessed, in order to further explore the protective role of TGXTC in subchondral bone remodeling. The rabbit model of knee osteoarthritis, which was induced by a modified version of Hulth's method, was treated with TGXTC or glucosamine hydrochloride for 4 or 8 weeks. Subsequently, the tibia and femur were harvested for observation of cartilage histology, and the subchondral bone was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The expression levels of OPG and RANKL at the gene and protein levels were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. TGXTC and glucosamine hydrochloride were identified to mitigate cartilage injury, reduce trabecular number and thickness and accelerate trabecular separation. It was additionally observed that the level of OPG mRNA and protein expression was reduced, and the RANKL mRNA and protein expression level was increased, in addition to the observation of a lower OPG/RANKL ratio in the TGXTC and hydrochloride groups. Taken together, these results suggest that TGXTC may mitigate cartilage injury and subchondral sclerosis, thus delaying the pathological development of osteoarthritis. This is suggested to be mediated partly through the reduction of OPG expression and increase of RANKL expression, which reduces the OPG/RANKL ratio, suppressing excessive bone formation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo vascularization and bone formation activity of tissue-engineered bone constructed using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transfected with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The expression of VEGF165 in rat bone marrow MSCs was confirmed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The MSCs were cultured together with nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen (NHAC) to form tissue-engineered bone. Untransfected MSCs were used as controls. The mice were sacrificed, and the bone xenografts were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and quantified for the degree of vascularization and new bone formation. Based on our results, expression of the VEGF165 gene was detected using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry following transfection and 4 weeks of selection. The co-cultured NHAC- and VEGF-transfected MSCs had significantly higher alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity compared to the controls (P<0.05). In the mice that received the tissue-engineered bone xenografts, clumps of cartilage cells, irregular bone-like tissue and microvessels were observed. The growth of these structures progressed with time. In the control mice, however, only small amounts of bone-like and fibrotic tissue were observed. The differences between the control and experimental groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, VEGF165‑transfected bone marrow MSCs promotes vascularization of tissue-engineered bone and ectopic osteogenesis.

Quercetin (a natural polyphenolic compound) is a polyphenolic flavonoid compound found in a variety of plants. It has been demonstrated to exert cytostatic activity against a variety of human cancer cell lines, including the human osteosarcoma cell line, MG-63. However, its effects on osteosarcoma cell apoptosis are still undefined. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of quercetin on cell viability, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential, and to determine the molecular mechanism of quercetin-induced apoptosis by investigating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2, Bax), cytochrome C, caspase-9 and caspase-3 in MG-63 cells. We found that quercetin suppressed the viability of MG-63 cells in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed that quercetin induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, upregulated the expression of the proapoptotic proteins, Bax and cytochrome C, and activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, and downregulated the expression of antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-2. These data suggest that quercetin may induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial-dependent pathway in MG-63 cells.

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, plays a key role in the induction of the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes to form cartilage tissue. However, it is not clear whether BMP2 regulates the proliferation of chondrocytes. In the present study, the effect of BMP2 on the proliferation of chondrocytes and its underlying mechanism was investigated. Chondrocytes isolated from the knee of SD rats were cultured and identified using toluidine blue staining. The second generation chondrocytes were collected and stimulated with or without BMP2 for 48 h. Cell viability was analyzed using the MTT assay. mRNA and protein expression levels of β-catenin, GSK-3β, Dvl1 and Cyclin D1 were detected using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The cell cycle distribution of the chondrocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. BMP2 stimulation was found to significantly increase cell viability. In addition, following BMP2 treatment, β-catenin, Cyclin D1 and Dvl1 expression was significantly increased, whereas GSK-3β expression was significantly decreased. Moreover, the percentage proportion of chondrocytes in the G0/G1 phase was significantly decreased, whereas that in the S phase was significantly increased. The results indicate that BMP2 promotes chondrocyte proliferation via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.