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1. A Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly of Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) Provides New Insights into Its Forage and Papermaking Usage

Author

Guofeng Zhao, He Dai, Fenfen Wang, Xiaojun Fu, Haiyan Yu, Shihua Shen, Pu Yao, Xianjun Peng, Meiling Zhao, Hui Chen, Wencai Xu, Peilin Chen, Yanmin Hu, Xiaokang Zhang, Hui Liu, Xueqing Yan, Min Liu, Lili Wang, Naizhi Chen, Feng Tang, Wei Xiong, Zhi Pi, Xuming Li, and Hongkun Zheng

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Paper, Sequence assembly, Genomics, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Lignin, Chromosomes, Plant, Rhizobia, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Botany, Cellulose, Symbiosis, Molecular Biology, Comparative genomics, Flavonoids, Papermaking, Paper mulberry, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Broussonetia, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Nitrogen fixation, Genome, Plant, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) is a well-known woody tree historically used for Cai Lun papermaking, one of the four great inventions of ancient China. More recently, Paper mulberry has also been used as forage to address the shortage of feedstuff because of its digestible crude fiber and high protein contents. In this study, we obtained a chromosome-scale genome assembly for Paper mulberry using integrated approaches, including Illumina and PacBio sequencing platform as well as Hi-C, optical, and genetic maps. The assembled Paper mulberry genome consists of 386.83 Mb, which is close to the estimated size, and 99.25% (383.93 Mb) of the assembly was assigned to 13 pseudochromosomes. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the expansion and contraction in the flavonoid and lignin biosynthetic gene families, respectively, accounting for the enhanced flavonoid and decreased lignin biosynthesis in Paper mulberry. Moreover, the increased ratio of syringyl-lignin to guaiacyl-lignin in Paper mulberry underscores its suitability for use in medicine, forage, papermaking, and barkcloth making. We also identified the root-associated microbiota of Paper mulberry and found that Pseudomonas and Rhizobia were enriched in its roots and may provide the source of nitrogen for its stems and leaves via symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Collectively, these results suggest that Paper mulberry might have undergone adaptive evolution and recruited nitrogen-fixing microbes to promote growth by enhancing flavonoid production and altering lignin monomer composition. Our study provides significant insights into genetic basis of the usefulness of Paper mulberry in papermaking and barkcloth making, and as forage. These insights will facilitate further domestication and selection as well as industrial utilization of Paper mulberry worldwide.

Published
2018

2. A Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly of Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) Provides New Insights into Its Forage and Papermaking Usage.

Author

Peng X, Liu H, Chen P, Tang F, Hu Y, Wang F, Pi Z, Zhao M, Chen N, Chen H, Zhang X, Yan X, Liu M, Fu X, Zhao G, Yao P, Wang L, Dai H, Li X, Xiong W, Xu W, Zheng H, Yu H, and Shen S

Subjects
Broussonetia metabolism, Broussonetia microbiology, Cellulose biosynthesis, Evolution, Molecular, Flavonoids biosynthesis, Genome, Plant genetics, Lignin biosynthesis, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Symbiosis, Broussonetia genetics, Chromosomes, Plant genetics, Genomics, Paper
Abstract

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) is a well-known woody tree historically used for Cai Lun papermaking, one of the four great inventions of ancient China. More recently, Paper mulberry has also been used as forage to address the shortage of feedstuff because of its digestible crude fiber and high protein contents. In this study, we obtained a chromosome-scale genome assembly for Paper mulberry using integrated approaches, including Illumina and PacBio sequencing platform as well as Hi-C, optical, and genetic maps. The assembled Paper mulberry genome consists of 386.83 Mb, which is close to the estimated size, and 99.25% (383.93 Mb) of the assembly was assigned to 13 pseudochromosomes. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the expansion and contraction in the flavonoid and lignin biosynthetic gene families, respectively, accounting for the enhanced flavonoid and decreased lignin biosynthesis in Paper mulberry. Moreover, the increased ratio of syringyl-lignin to guaiacyl-lignin in Paper mulberry underscores its suitability for use in medicine, forage, papermaking, and barkcloth making. We also identified the root-associated microbiota of Paper mulberry and found that Pseudomonas and Rhizobia were enriched in its roots and may provide the source of nitrogen for its stems and leaves via symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Collectively, these results suggest that Paper mulberry might have undergone adaptive evolution and recruited nitrogen-fixing microbes to promote growth by enhancing flavonoid production and altering lignin monomer composition. Our study provides significant insights into genetic basis of the usefulness of Paper mulberry in papermaking and barkcloth making, and as forage. These insights will facilitate further domestication and selection as well as industrial utilization of Paper mulberry worldwide., (Copyright © 2019 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2019
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