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Bougainvillea × buttiana is a plant widely used in traditional Mexican medicine and other parts of the world for the treatment of various health disorders. In this study, the antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of three ethanolic extracts of B . × buttiana (BxbO (Orange), BxbR1 (Rose1) and BxbR2 (Rose2)) were investigated. Antioxidant activities were determined by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), DPPH free radicals scavenging activity, and radical scavenging effects on nitric oxide (NO). The in vitro cytoprotective effect of the extracts against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide-(H 2 O 2 ) in a model of L929 cells was also determined as well as NO uptake with or without H 2 O 2 through the MTT assay. The results revealed that there was a difference between the compounds present in each of the extracts, with the 2-Hydroxycinnamic acid compound being observed in all the extracts. The 2-Hydroxycinnamic acid compound was tested in silico to predict its biological (PASSonline) and toxicological (Osiris Property Explorer) activity. All extracts with 1 to 4 mg/mL inhibited the activity of the NO radical. In cells exposed to 1 mg/mL of extracts followed by H 2 O 2 exposure, cell protection ranged from 66.96 to 83.46%. The treatment of the cells with extracts prevented the morphological changes caused by H 2 O 2 . The 2-Hydroxycinnamic acid compound showed a probability of in silico antioxidant and cytoprotective activity greater than 0.5 and 0.6, respectively. Therefore, the results demonstrated that Bxb extracts exert antioxidant and protective activities against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in L929 cells.

In this work, we explore the current knowledge about the phytochemistry and in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the extracts and, where appropriate, the main active components characterized and isolated from the Allamanda cathartica . Of the 15 Allamanda species, most phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies have focused on A. cathartica . These plants are used for the treatment of various health disorders. Numerous phytochemical investigations of plants from the A. cathartica have shown the presence of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, fatty acids, phospholipids, volatile compounds, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, lactones, and carbohydrates. Various studies have confirmed that extracts and active substances isolated from the A. cathartica have multiple pharmacological activities. The species A. cathartica has emerged as a source of traditional medicine used for human health. Further studies on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties and their mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy in the species of A. cathartica is recommended.

An anxiolytic fraction of Tilia americana standardized in tiliroside, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin glucoside, and kaempferol was obtained. After oral administration of the fraction, the above-mentioned flavonoids were not detected in plasma over 24 h. However, meta and para hydroxyphenylacetic acid and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid ( m -HPAA, p -HPAA and DOPAC) were monitored. These are the biotransformation compounds of the aglycones of kaempferol and quercetin; these aglycones are products of the other flavonoids present in the anxiolytic fraction. The analytical methods (HPLC) for flavonoids and the related compounds ( m -HPAA, p -HPAA and DOPAC) were validated, determining the parameters of accuracy, precision, specificity or selectivity, limit of detection, quantification range, and robustness. The pharmacokinetic assay was performed with ICR mice strains, which were given 200 mg/kg of the standardized active fraction. The results of validation of the analytical methods were obtained, allowing it to be established in a validated way that no flavonoids present in the anxiolytic fraction of T. americana were detected in plasma. However, detection and follow up was possible for the serum levels of m -HPAA, p -HPAA, and DOPAC. The three compounds follow a two-compartment model with very similar parameters between m -HPAA and p -HPAA, some being different from the ones characterized in the pharmacokinetics of DOPAC., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The aim of this study was to obtain pharmacokinetic data for the anxiolytic compound galphimine-A (G-A) from Galphimia glauca. G-A is the most abundant anxiolytic compound in this plant, while Galphimine-E (G-E) is the most abundant galphimine, but inactive. G-E was transformed chemically into G-A. The pharmacokinetic study was carried out in ICR mice, which were orally administered a single 200 mg/kg dose of G-A. Samples of blood and brain were taken at different times after administration of G-A. Previously, we established the validation of methods for determining the concentration of G-A. The G-A was detected in plasma 5 min after oral administration, and its concentration reached 2.47 μg/mL. Data from concentration-time curves allowed us to establish the main pharmacokinetic parameters in two models: one- and/or two-compartment. C(max) values were 3.33 and 3.42 μg/mL respectively, likewise AUC(0→1440 min) were 1,951.58 and 1,824.95 μg/mL·min. The G-A in brain tissue was noted to cross the blood-brain barrier, reaching C(max) 2.74 μg/mL, T(max) 81.6 min, and then drop gradually to 0.32 μg/mL detected at 24 h. The presence of G-A in brain tissue, confirmed that this anxiolytic compound can access the target organ and acts directly on the CNS.