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Proniosomes are drug-encapsulated, nanoscale vesicular structures that generate multilamellar niosomal dispersions upon hydration. This study aimed to develop enalapril maleate nanoproniosomal gels and assess their effectiveness in experimental hypertensive rat models. The gels were synthesized based on the coacervation phase separation method, using lecithin, cholesterol, and various nonionic surfactants as formulation components, along with the drug. The developed gels were then subjected to various analyses, such as pH, viscosity, rate of spontaneity, entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, ex vivo permeation, skin irritation, scanning electron microscopy, stability, in vivo bio-availability, in vivo antihypertensive activity, and in vitro–in vivo correlation studies. Results revealed that all synthesized gel formulations maintained good physical characteristics, within permissible limits. The results of the ex vivo skin permeation analysis revealed non-Fickian release kinetics and zero-order penetration behaviors of the drug formulations with diffusion, achieving a cumulative permeation rate of 58.75%–89.72% through albino rat skin over 24 h. Moreover, skin irritation tests revealed that the topical application of the drug formulations did not cause any signs of irritation, indicating their safety. Furthermore, in vivo bio-availability studies revealed that one particular formulation, EMNP7, demonstrated an approximately 188.99-fold greater bio-availability compared to the Vasotec tablet. Additionally, in vivo antihypertensive analysis revealed that this formulation effectively restored elevated rat blood pressures to the normal range. Furthermore, the in vitro–in vivo correlation analysis suggested that the ex vivo (in vitro) data could accurately replicate in vivo physiological conditions. Overall, our findings indicate that enalapril maleate encapsulated within nanoproniosomal gels can effectively function as controlled drug delivery systems, releasing the drug once per day for effective hypertension management.

The aim of the study was to green synthesis and evaluate the antiepileptic activity of herbal nanoparticles of Mimusops elengi (ME) on electrochemical convulsion models in mice. ME herbal nanoparticles (MEHNPs) were synthesized and characterized. The particles size and zeta potential of MEHNPs were found to be 24 nm and 29.5 mV respectively. FTIR study revealed that minor shifts of peaks may be due to capping, reduction and stabilization of MEHNPs. Electro convulsions (ECs) were induced using electro-convulsiometer and ear-clip electrodes with alternating current of 45 mA for 0.2 s stimulation. PTZ was administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 105 mg/kg, which was the CD97 (97% convulsive dose for the clonic phase) for inducing chemo-convulsions. The ability of methanol extract of ME bark (MEME-B) and ME herbal nanoparticles (MEHNPs) to reduce the hind limb extension (HLE) in EC and clonic-type (CT) convulsions in the PTZ model was used to establish antiepileptic parameters. HLE and CC was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) whereas neurochemical analyses show a significant rise in Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Gamma Butyric acid (GABA) levels. Antioxidant studies revealed that both MEME and MEHNPs significantly increased antioxidant enzymes and scavenged free radicals (P < 0.05), whereas histological findings revealed the protective effects. In both models, MEME-B and MEHNPs exhibited significant anti-epileptic properties, which could be attributed to suppressing excitatory neurohumoral transmission and enhanced inhibitory neurotransmission, as well as a significant increase in antioxidant status. MEHNPs, on the other hand, have outperformed MEME-B in terms of reducing oxidative stress and altering neurochemicals such as AChE and GABA.