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The present work aimed at decorating halloysite nanotubes (HNT) with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles through different synthetic routes (co-precipitation, hydrothermal, and sol-gel) to test the efficiency of three magnetic composites (HNT/Fe3O4) to remove the antibiotic ofloxacin (OFL) from waters. The chemical–physical features of the obtained materials were characterized through the application of diverse techniques (XRPD, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, EDS, and TEM microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and magnetization measurements), while ecotoxicity was assessed through a standard test on the freshwater organism Daphnia magna. Independently of the synthesis procedure, the magnetic composites were successfully obtained. The Fe3O4 is nanometric (about 10 nm) and the weight percentage is sample-dependent. It decorates the HNT's surface and also forms aggregates linking the nanotubes in Fe3O4-rich samples. Thermodynamic and kinetic experiments showed different adsorption capacities of OFL, ranging from 23 to 45 mg g−1. The kinetic process occurred within a few minutes, independently of the composite. The capability of the three HNT/Fe3O4 in removing the OFL was confirmed under realistic conditions, when OFL was added to tap, river, and effluent waters at µg L−1 concentration. No acute toxicity of the composites was observed on freshwater organisms. Despite the good results obtained for all the composites, the sample by co-precipitation is the most performant as it: (i) is easily magnetically separated from the media after the use; (ii) does not undergo any degradation after three adsorption cycles; (iii) is synthetized through a low-cost procedure. These features make this material an excellent candidate for removal of OFL from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple not solvent and time consuming Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe), synthesized in the presence of a small amount of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (27.3 wt%), is here presented and discussed. Layer-by-layer alone (20 shell), and combined layer-by-layer (5 shell)/reflux or /hydrothermal synthetic procedures were compared. The last approach (Fe3O4@MIL-100_H sample) is suitable (i) to obtain rounded-shaped nanoparticles (200–400 nm diameter) of magnetite core and MIL-100(Fe) shell; (ii) to reduce the solvent and time consumption (the layer-by-layer procedure is applied only 5 times); (iii) to give the highest MIL-100(Fe) amount in the composite (72.7 vs. 18.5 wt% in the layer-by-layer alone); (iv) to obtain a high surface area of 3546 m2 g−1. The MIL-100(Fe) sample was also synthesized and both materials were tested for the absorption of Ofloxacin antibiotic (OFL). Langmuir model well describes OFL adsorption on Fe3O4@MIL-100_H, indicating an even higher adsorption capacity (218 ± 7 mg g−1) with respect to MIL-100 (123 ± 5 mg g−1). Chemisorption regulates the kinetic process on both the composite materials. Fe3O4@MIL-100_H performance was then verified for OFL removal at µg per liter in tap and river waters, and compared with MIL-100. Its relevant and higher adsorption efficiency and the magnetic behavior make it an excellent candidate for environmental depollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]