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MOF-based photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) using CO 2 as an electron donor offers a green, clean, and extensible way to make hydrocarbon fuels under more tolerant conditions. Herein, basic principles of PEC reduction of CO 2 and the preparation methods and characterization techniques of MOF-based materials are summarized. Furthermore, three applications of MOFs for improving the photoelectrocatalytic performance of CO 2 reduction are described: (i) as photoelectrode alone; (ii) as a co-catalyst of semiconductor photoelectrode or as a substrate for loading dyes, quantum dots, and other co-catalysts; (iii) as one of the components of heterojunction structure. Challenges and future wave surrounding the development of robust PEC CO 2 systems based on MOF materials are also discussed briefly.

Transforming CO 2 into renewable fuels or valuable carbon compounds could be a practical means to tackle the issues of global warming and energy crisis. Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction is more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, and offers a broader range of potential applications than other CO 2 conversion techniques. Ferroelectric materials, which belong to a class of materials with switchable polarization, are attractive candidates as catalysts due to their distinctive and substantial impact on surface physical and chemical characteristics. This review provides a concise overview of the fundamental principles underlying photocatalysis and the mechanism involved in CO 2 reduction. Additionally, the composition and properties of ferroelectric materials are introduced. This review expands on the research progress in using ferroelectric materials for photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 from three perspectives: directly as a catalyst, by modification, and construction of heterojunctions. Finally, the future potential of ferroelectric materials for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction is presented. This review may be a valuable guide for creating reasonable and more effective photocatalysts based on ferroelectric materials.

A photocatalytic system driven by solar light is one of the promising strategies for converting CO 2 into valuable energy. The reduction of CO 2 to CH 4 is widely studied since CH 4 has a high energy density as the main component of nonrenewable natural gas. Therefore, it is necessary to develop semiconductor materials with high photocatalytic activity and CH 4 selectivity. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 /CN) has attracted widespread attention for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction due to its excellent redox ability and visible light response. A hybrid system constructed by loading cocatalysts on g-C 3 N 4 can significantly improve the yield of target products, and serve as a general platform to explore the mechanism of the CO 2 reduction reaction. Herein, we briefly introduce the theory of selective CO 2 photoreduction and the basic properties of cocatalysts. Then, several typical configurations and modification strategies of cocatalyst/CN systems for promoting CH 4 selective production are presented in detail. In particular, we systematically summarize the application of cocatalyst/CN composite photocatalysts in the selective reduction of CO 2 to methane, according to the classification of cocatalysts (monometal, bimetal, metal-based compound, and nanocarbon materials). Finally, the challenges and perspectives for developing cocatalyst/g-C 3 N 4 systems with high CH 4 selectivity are presented to guide the rational design of catalysts with high performance in the future.

Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction technology has a broad potential for dealing with the issues of energy shortage and global warming. As a widely studied material used in the photocatalytic process, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has been continuously modified and tailored for more desirable application. Recently, the defective/reduced titanium dioxide (TiO 2- x ) catalyst has attracted broad attention due to its excellent photocatalytic performance for CO 2 reduction. In this perspective review, we comprehensively present the recent progress in TiO 2- x -based materials for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. In detail, the review starts with the fundamentals of CO 2 photocatalytic reduction. Then, the synthesis of a defective TiO 2 structure is introduced for the regulation of its photocatalytic performance, especially its optical properties and dissociative adsorption properties. In addition, the current application of TiO 2- x -based photocatalysts for CO 2 reduction is also highlighted, such as metal-TiO 2- x , oxide-TiO 2- x and TiO 2- x -carbon-based photocatalysts. Finally, the existing challenges and possible scope of photocatalytic CO 2 reduction over TiO 2- x -based materials are discussed. We hope that this review can provide an effective reference for the development of more efficient and reasonable photocatalysts based on TiO 2- x .

Converting CO 2 to renewable fuels or valuable carbon compounds is an effective way to solve the global warming and energy crisis. Compared with other CO 2 conversion methods, photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 is more energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and has a broader application prospect. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) has attracted widespread attention as a two-dimensional material, composed of metal hydroxide layers, interlayer anions and water molecules. This review briefly introduces the basic theory of photocatalysis and the mechanism of CO 2 reduction. The composition and properties of LDH are introduced. The research progress on LDH in the field of photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 is elaborated from six aspects: directly as a catalyst, as a precursor for a catalyst, and by modification, intercalation, supporting with other materials and construction of a heterojunction. Finally, the development prospects of LDH are put forward. This review could provide an effective reference for the development of more efficient and reasonable photocatalysts based on LDH.