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The author came back to Geneva, Switzerland three weeks ago after shivering for six weeks on the Italian Riviera. As he went there to work, the fact that there were not more than six fine days in the whole time was less serious than it would have been had he gone merely to bask in a sun that declined to show itself except on rare occasions. The return journey ham Genoa to Geneva, via Modane, did not give him a favorable idea of the efficiency of Fascist organization. The favorite claim of Mussolini's admirers is that the Fascist regime has made the trains punctual in Italy. For all he knows, the claim may be justified, and it should not have been very difficult to make the trains punctual, for most of them are so slow that there is plenty of margin to make up for lost time.

The article presents information on several socio-political developments from across the world. There are fuller details about the election frauds in South Carolina, which seem to have been very brazen and to have involved two tricks, one by which the small tissue-paper ballots were dropped into the box, and the other by which, when the excess of the number of ballots over the number of voters in the district was revealed by the count, and the ballots were put back into the box to have the excess withdrawn as the law directs, the Republican tickets were dexterously placed on the top so as to come out first. The Radical Democratic party which has so long ruled Geneva, Switzerland, received a crushing defeat at the late election, their revision of the Constitution having previously, on submission to the people, been rejected by a majority of 6,000 out of 11,400 votes.

The treaty by which France and Switzerland agree to submit to arbitration their controversy regarding the special position of the border provinces is printed below as translated from L'Europe Nouvelle for November 22. The President of the French Republic and the Swiss Federal Council have resolved to resort to arbitration to define this interpretation and to settle the various questions involved in the execution of paragraph 2 of Article 435 of the Treaty of Versailles. For the Swiss Federal Council, M. Alphonse Dunant, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Paris; M. Paul Logo; professor at the University of Geneva.

By the death of Léon Massol, the bacteriological laboratory at Geneva has lost its founder and director, the university a professor, and science a useful servant. Massol began his career as a railway employee, but afterwards studied with a Geneva surgeon, at whose instance he made a specialty of bacteriology. The restoration of the Cathedral of St. Pierre at Geneva is now almost completed. As a memorial of the old building, M. Camille Martin, who Is both an historian and an architect, has prepared a volume descriptive of the ancient church.

This article focuses on the practical politics. The suspension of the conversion of sterling has highlighted the frantic hunger for dollars which characterizes post-war trading relations. When the British loan agreement was made, it was assumed that free convertibility could safely be undertaken at this stage because the sterling balances in the hands of Britain's creditors were bound to be small. The success of the Geneva after many setbacks, in drawing up a draft charter for the International Trade Organization is a hopeful step toward the creation of more stable conditions for world trade.

For the first time Americans have a Soviet plan of international inspection blocked out in some detail. Beginning with his usual insistence on the prime importance of a convention outlawing atomic weapons, the Soviet delegate conceded that an international inspection system. could be established simultaneously with such a convention. Somebody is woolgathering these days, but in this particular case he is not in the U.S. State Department. Secretary George C. Marshall, strongly backed by former Secretary Cordell Hull, has made it quite dear to Congress that the little game they have been playing with wool will wreck any chances of success that economist Will Clayton's multilateral trade policies might have in Geneva, Switzerland.

The article presents information on various developments from around the world with emphasis on international relations. Sanctions against Italy are to be made effective by the League on November 18, the election in Great Britain is on the fourteenth. The gap of four days suggests a peace drive before Italy finally is subjected to economic penalties. The British government cannot risk the public discussion of peace during a political campaign. The resumption of military action by Italy in northern Ethiopia is not inconsistent with the possibility of peace negotiations later this month. Prime Minister of Italy Benito Mussolini obviously delayed the advance hoping that Geneva, Switzerland, would not be able to form a united front against him.

The article presents information on political affairs and policies of the United States as well as other international affairs. U.S. Republican leader Nicholas Murray Butler expressed the opinion that if the wreck of the Republican Party is not taken over by a group of younger and liberal elements within it, it will soon pass out of existence. Solicitation of funds for unemployment relief has started in many communities throughout the United States. The Swiss authorities were brutal in attempting to suppress radical agitation in Geneva.

This article focuses on the socio-political issues. The Senate has passed the Underwood bill authorizing the government to turn over its nitrate plant and vast water-power development at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, to a private lessee. The report of the Committee on agriculture in favor of continued federal control has been discarded. East and West meet in the opium conferences at the Geneva, Switzerland and happily the representatives of the U.S. have sided with the East. Seldom has the selfishness of colonial powers exposed itself more clearly than in this.

By decreasing tensions at high political level, the Geneva Conference in Geneva, Switzerland, made possible increased cultural, scientific, and economic contacts between the Russians and the Western world. The Geneva spirit has permeated the United Nations (UN), tending to free energies heretofore locked up in that organization by the cold war. This is particularly true with regard to the admission of sixteen new members, a step which makes the world organization more representative and thereby increases its power to maintain world peace. The Geneva Conference, moreover--and this despite the disappointing results of the second, or foreign ministers' sessions-gave new impetus to the UN's search for solution to two other problems: disarmament and colonialism.

The article comments on the United Nations International conference on the peaceful uses of atomic energy. This conference seems to make an end of prohibition. In opinion of the article author, the great secret apparently never existed. It was the basic principle of fission from which was derived not only the explosive capacity of the bomb but the working capacity of the nuclear reactor. All that was a bright promise of atomic energy but it was overcast by proper misgivings about the hazards implicit even in the peaceful uses. The journalists, the antennas of public misgivings, sensed this earlier. They harried the scientists at the briefings about the risks of radioactive wastes and the rise in the background radiation.

Every visitor to Geneva, Switzerland, has at some time or other during his stay leaned over the railing of the quais or bridges and watched the swans floating on the blue waters of the lake. As the birds drifted along without apparent effort, he has admired the grace of their movements and the serene dignity of their bearing. Geneva swans have associated so much with international statesmen that they have taken on some of the most striking characteristics of those gentlemen. The swans look impressive as long as things are going smoothly, but when, unknown to the observer, they are abruptly confronted with some bird problem and the necessity of making a decision, they meet the emergency by assuming a perpendicular position with head in the mud.

Attentive observers at Geneva, Switzerland, if asked to specify the most significant development in the League of Nations during 1928, would probably agree in pointing to the leading role which Germany has come to play here in the year just closed. For the German emergence from the position of a conquered nation, admitted to the association of her conquerors on sufferance, is now complete. And with this emergence comes an alteration in the character of the league which loses none of its profound significance from the fact that it is developing slowly.

The ninth meeting of the Opium Committee of the League of Nations was held in Geneva from January 17, 1927 to February 1, 1927. On this occasion the committee threw overboard all pretensions to the contrary and came out boldly as the upholders of the opium trade; also the drug trade. For this time the fight centered on drugs rather than opium. Drugs, it would seem, pay even better than opium and it is evident that the drug interests are able to exert powerful pressure on their various governments and upon the delegates sent by these governments to this Opium Committee of the League.

The Germans have dummy tanks that serve training purposes and heavy artillery with false wooden barrels; they probably are making gas, or are in a position to make it quickly at any time; and they have evolved a technique, whereby heavy passenger planes can be transformed into bombers within a few hours. The recent authorization of a national board for the physical training of youth is simply a new step in a definite and avowed program to increase the potential reserve of trained man power. The French know all this. It is all in Herriot's dossier, which he occasionally waves threateningly at Geneva.

The League Arms Traffic Conference at Geneva aroused little general interest and understanding in the country. With the exception of the ban on poison gas its accomplishments were hardly noticed in the press. The main result of the Arms Traffic Conference will be a greater degree of publicity for the arms traffic. There will be also a greater degree of government responsibility for it. A license has to be given by the government of the exporting country for any anus exported. As regards "category one", the export cannot take place at all except to a government. As regards "category two," these may be exported to private individuals; but the consent of the government of the importing country must first be secured, if the laws of such country require it.

The nearer the Geneva conference approaches, the more distressing for France becomes the close connection between the achievement of peace in Indo-China and the ratification of the European Defense Community. According to French sources, the U.S. ambassador Douglas Dillon recently warned foreign minister M. Bidault that there is no possibility of the U.S. recognizing the Peking government in exchange for the cessation of Communist China's aid to Vietminh. Moreover, according to the same sources M. Bidault was told that the support France would receive at Geneva would depend on the Assembly's ratification of E. D. C. before the conference meets on April 26.

Whatever its other accomplishments, the tenth General Assembly of the U.N., has in three weeks established a record for sheer hard luck which few of its predecessors can equal. It was born handicapped by demands that it live up to the spirit of Geneva, a mystical standard of conduct which was not explained and which it did not understand. Then the U.S. President, the oracle who had pointed the way to the new order of things, was suddenly moved from further effective leadership by an unfortunate heart attack.

In Geneva the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (E.C.E.) is busily preparing for its next full conference, which opens on September 27. The Executive Secretary of the E.C.E. needs no introduction to American liberals. Only last June Gunnar Myrdal was honored by them at a dinner in New York at which distinguished speakers, including Eleanor Roosevelt, rendered homage to him for his outstanding work on the Negro question. Another outstanding feature of the commission, is that it deals with practically every phase of European economic reconstruction. With its overall knowledge of the situation, it is admirably equipped to cope with specific problems as they arise.

This article discusses the plans to open a carefully organized school of pedagogy in Geneva, under the direction of Pierre Bovet, formerly professor of philosophy at Neuchatel. E. Claparède, professor of psychology at Geneva, will take part in the undertaking and has published a pamphlet giving an account of the plans for the new institute, and discussing in general the education of the child. The object of this school is twofold, first, to prepare teachers for their work, and, secondly, to study education in its various branches.

The celebrations which took place at Geneva, Switzerland to commemorate Jean Jacques Rousseau, which have just come to an end, were notable. Some, indeed, thought that they were overdone. Following certain reactionary writers in Paris who, under the leadership of Maurice Barres, protested openly against the proposed festivities at the Pantheon and tried to interrupt the speakers at the memorial ceremony at the Sorbonne, old patrician families in Geneva would like to have been spared the spectacle of their whole city thus idolizing a revolutionary son of the people. On the evening of June 26, 1912 at a meeting of the Institut National Genevois, Rousseau was exalted as a political writer, patriot, botanist, and musician. A poem made for the occasion was read, and several songs composed by Rousseau were sung by artists.

In the article, the author presents his experiences of a visit to Geneva. The author feels that its a pity that the beautiful gray town of Geneva should produce brown associations such as protocol-ratification-arbitration-safeguarding-moral-disarmament. For some readers, the word "Geneva" has become synonymous to the "League of Nations, after the historic treaty. The author rates himself as the worst tourist in the world. At any rate he hate being led up to beauty-spots, and to remember all the wrong things, from the orthodox point of view. Thus his only memory of Bozen is a wonderful dish of blue trout at the hotel Laurien, and the old shoe-maker in Ober-Bolzen who so skillfully stuck a wrenched heel on to his shoe; and there is a renowned cathedral town in France of which his only distinct memory is something much, much worse than the pea which disturbed the slumbers of the real princess.

Clarence K. Streit typewrites from Geneva, Switzerland, not New York to cast doubt upon the theory that the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) gave the cigarette its greatest boost toward respectability and popularity. By tacitly removing its ban from cigarette smoking during the World War the YMCA made "coffin nails" respectable for men, a necessary preliminary to becoming respectable among women. Characterizing this idea as a theory in fact's clothing, Streit endeavors to deflate.

The article discusses international politics. June 1954 U.N. Security Council meeting on Thailand's request for the dispatch of U.N. observers to that country's "threatened" border with Indo-China meant little in itself. But in conjunction with events or the lack of events at Geneva, Switzerland, the session had its points of interest. Thailand's request was put on the agenda by a vote of ten to one, the Soviet Union dissenting. Soviet representative argued that in view of Geneva any consideration by the Council of issues dealing with Indo-China would only hamper possibilities of settlement.

This article focuses on current issues related to press. A dispatch from an anonymous Boston correspondent reports that citizen groups trained in the use of arms to cooperate with police in putting down subversive uprisings are quietly emerging throughout New England. Last week American newspapers featured reports that the Red Army had dropped leaflets over Finland threatening to destroy Helsinki on Christmas Day. A Geneva correspondent of the journal "London Times," recently reported "a remarkable display of spontaneous pro-Allied feeling."

The article presents information on the various social and political developments around the world. Serious riots occurred in Italy on Sunday at meetings held for the propagation of war and peace. The most significant report that has come is perhaps that from Geneva, Switzerland, on April 9, that Germany is stopping at the frontier stations all empty Italian freight cars bound homewards. The German auxiliary cruiser Prinz Eitel Friedrich definitely decided to intern at mid-night on April 7, and was removed to the Norfolk navy yard. Her place at Newport News was unexpectedly taken on Sunday by the Kronprinz Wilhelm, the last of the German raiders at liberty, which eluded British warships and slipped Into the harbor.

Presents several letters to the editor. Political situation of the U.S. in 1927; Information about the Geneva Convention; Information about leading American newspapers.