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The article discusses the history, laws and concept of national borders in Svalbard, Norway, including implications for the Arctic regions and tourism to the area. An overview of the legal status of aliens, or noncitizens, in Svalbard, including the lack of legal difference in owning a business, is provided.

Caught up for centuries in East-West, largely German-Russian, power politics, Poland's geographic position invited the partitions, risings and suppressions, which were recurrent themes in its tragic prewar history. The essence of the problem was that Poland had no natural border except in north and south. Circumstances have aligned Poland with the Soviet Union in such a way that it would not want to be "neutral" if this were possible. It is not merely that the "recovered" or former German territories have been valuable acquisitions but that the Soviet Union has the same stake in holding the present Oder-Neisse line, as do the Poles. The main reason for feeling that the Polish problem has been solved is the permanent alienation of Polish opinion, which German cruelty achieved in World War II.

Man will do violence not only against a specific something which gets in the way of one of his needs; he will do violence against a symbol which stands for, or which he believes stands for, that which prevents him from satisfying his needs. War is symbolic violence, with all people who happen to reside within the geographical boundaries of a nation-state constituting "the enemy." Race persecution is symbolic violence directed against all individuals, regardless of their specific characteristics, who can be identified with an abstracted physical type.

On the morning of December 17, 1960, a short, slight man with piercing blue eyes was whisked out of a Connecticut jail and hustled aboard the Italian liner Vulcania bound for Italy. His name was Vincenzo Gallina, and hardly anyone in the United States outside of Connecticut has ever heard of him. Vincenzo Gallina is a native-born American. He discovered that the American judicial system contains no guarantee of justice for the lone indigent who crosses, and so has arrayed against him, all the massive power of government.

It is a year since the peace treaty was signed, and Europe has no peace. Some statisticians count up thirty wars in progress, but the figure is doubtful, for it has become difficult in many parts of Europe to distinguish war from peace. Almost every continental country lives in a state of more or less chronic civil war, and few frontiers are unguarded and disarmed. People are dancing in the cafes of the capitals and starving in the slums, and great stretches of once fertile country now lie untilled and unproductive. This is more than the normal and inevitable aftermath of such a war. It is more even than a product of the Treaty of Versailles.

The article presents the official summary of the Turkish treaty handed to the Turkish delegates on May 11, 1920. July 11 has been fixed by the Allies as the final date for acceptance or rejection. The preamble recites shortly the origin of the war and enumerates the High Contracting Parties, represented by the four principal Allied Powers, the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan, and the other Allied Powers. The boundaries of Turkey are described in two articles, one dealing with Turkey in Europe and the other with Turkey in Asia. Subject to the provisions of the treaty, the parties agree to the maintenance of Turkish sovereignty over Constantinople.

If one draws a line from northern Mozambique on the east coast of Africa to northern Angola on the west, then this is South Africa's co-prosperity sphere. The newspaper was not engaged in wishful thinking. Along a jagged line marking the southern borders of the Congo, Zambia and Tanzania, the African continent is dividing into two hostile and armed camps, with all states south of the line being drawn inexorably into the new empire of the Republic of South Africa. Already Prime Minister Balthazzar Vorster speaks in the most proprietary terms on behalf of the whole subcontinent, and his behavior is not as presumptuous as it seems.

Las paracaidistas, are the migratory poor in Mexico. The parachutists descend on the border towns of Mexico trying to find work. They have descended on Juarez and Mexico. They have surrounded Juarez with a ring of mud colonies. But from Panchos villa, from the dry and much hotter than hell hill that las paracaidisicis have conquered, one can have an excellent view of the U.S. Two years ago, when President Gustavo Din became President of Mexico, a reform program was announced to change the Mexican border-town image, the image of corruption, a gaudy, neon, forlorn, falling-down, wild pandemonium of inertia and optimistic despair. There is also a program of border morality and social reform.

The article focuses on various issues related to the Second World War. Poland like France in 1870 is gallantly holding out against the German invaders. The first heroes of this Second World War are the anonymous masses of the doomed Polish capital and their courageous mayor. Abandoned by the colonels who could rule Poland but not defend it, given nothing but verbal encouragement by their Franco-British allies, short of ammunition and subjected to horrible bombardment, Poland is still unconquered after nineteen days of siege. War tempo is speeding up in the west and in the east. Soviet troops are massed on the Estonian frontier, and one hundred Red Army divisions are reported advancing toward Rumania's Bessarabian frontier. The border has been closed.

The article presents incidents related to the world politics. Great Britain clearly demonstrated her weakness as military power under Benjamin Beaconsfleld. During some months past that Government has been boasting before the world that while Great Britain, from economical and personal liberty views, maintained only a small military force within her own borders, she yet held in India an immense reserve army. Indian troops has also add to the strength of the British army. Another incidents refers to the peace talks between Russia and Great Britain. There are chances of Russia giving way to the demands of the British Cabinet and consenting to yield the point on which Great Britain insisted.

Recent religious and political developments in the Soviet Union make possible closer estimation of the losses incurred by the Catholic church in Eastern Europe as a direct result of the war and the victory of Soviet Union. The changed boundaries of the new Polish Republic have added to the Catholic losses. These losses cut deep into the vital interests, both religious and political, of the Vatican in the score of European states. Relations between the government and the Vatican were so strained that at one time the Apostolic Nuncio left Prague.

The article discusses the political career of the former U.S. President Ronald Reagan, with a focus on the attitudes of U.S. Republicans toward his career as of November 2012. Topics include Reagan's involvement in the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union; the dismantling of the Berlin Wall which separated democracy from communism in Berlin, Germany; and memorials at presidential libraries displaying portions of the Wall. The symbolic aspects of the fall of the Wall are examined with a comparison to the walls separating Israel from Palestine and the U.S. from Mexico.

Borders don't just cut across international boundaries; they also increasingly stretch into the interior of nations - into our homes, communities, courts, and everyday interactions. "The move to the US changed my dad a lot. My mom had to go back to China for a little bit, so now it's just me and my dad. [Extracted from the article]

A neatly typed letter, signed "Warboys--A White Aryan Faction From the Great Aryan Nations," was sent to Roberto Martinez of the San Diego office of the "American Friends Beaner Committee." The Warboys were responding to Martinez's call for counter-demonstrations against the monthly Light Up the Border vigils on the California-Mexico line. Light Up the Border was begun last November by Muriel Watson, widow of a border patrol pilot. In April, Martinez and other human rights activists in the San Diego area began counter-demonstrations, using mirrors and pieces of aluminum foil to reflect the headlights back toward the U.S.

This article focuses on the book "The New World Border," by Guillermo Gómez-Peña. Born in Mexico City in 1955, Gómez-Peña has lived in the United States since 1978, mostly in Southern California. Known primarily as a performance artist, he has also worked as a journalist and been active in experimental radio and video, exploring border issues and U.S./Latino cultural relations with ever resourceful strategies. This new book gathers performance texts, chronicles, poems and essays. The new collection seems truer to what Gómez-Peña, a binational artist who speaks from a dialogical (even multilogical) viewpoint, is about, and is a larger, more richly textured book.

The author used to travel the highways of New Mexico and Arizona with a wonderful sensation of absolute freedom as she cruised down the open road and across the vast desert plateaus. On the Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico reservation, where she was raised, the people were patriotic despite the way the U.S. government had treated Native Americans. As proud citizens, she grew up believing the freedom to travel was her inalienable right. Unfortunately, since the 1980s, on top of greatly expanding border checkpoints, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and the Border Patrol have implemented policies that interfere with the rights of U.S. citizens to travel freely within the borders. INS agents now patrol all interstate highways and roads that lead to or from the U.S.-Mexico border in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California.

The U.S. Border Patrol action slapped 450 agents onto the twenty-mile stretch of border that divides El Paso from its Mexican twin, Ciudad Juárez. The agents have been there ever since. Their mission is being called highly successful, so much so that Bill Clinton Administration has elevated it from experimental to permanent status and cited it as the inspiration for a new $386 million border control program that would string more than a thousand new agents, miles of fencing and an array of infrared, electronic and radio devices from Texas to California to keep illegal immigrants out.

This article reports on the international relations between the U.S. and Mexico. The ruling elites in Mexico City and Washington are in the process of deciding what forms of regional collaboration will help them survive and prosper within a shifting world economic order. They are struggling to adapt to a globalization of productive forces, finance and commerce that affects how capital conducts business, how labor markets are organized and how national borders are maintained. Yet even as the elites strategize and negotiate, material changes in the size, role and composition of Mexico's migrant work force in the United States are already altering the most basic patterns of interdependence between the two countries.

Focuses on the crimes committed by the Guatemalan armed forces against people living near the Mexican-Guatemalan border, as of November 1982. Ways in which ordinary villagers are affected by the government's anitinsurgency operations; Focus given on the human rights violations committed against the people living in the area.

East Berlin and East Germany have been sealed off in the manner of a huge ghetto. The escape hatch, through which 4,000 East Germans were still fleeing into West Berlin twenty-four hours before the barricades were lowered, has been slammed shut. As the Western world looked on with stunned disbelief and the Soviet Union asserted that the action in Berlin had been taken to repulse "agitators, provocaters and kidnappers." However, until 1952 it was possible for many East Germans to escape to the West directly across the borders dividing the two Germanys. The economic conditions were the chief motivation for most escapees, and their flight merely made things worse for those left behind.

The article presents some economic and political updates as of May 25, 1905. One of the updates says that the free trade doctrine of buying where you can buy cheapest is the scornful description of the U.S. Government's Panama Canal-supply policy, given recently by Representative John Dalzell of Pennsylvania, the high priest of protection. It is not often that the real issue in the question of high protective tariffs is so squarely presented. We have, to begin with, the Government itself asserting the costliness of that policy. Another update focuses on the team of engineers sent to mark the boundary line between Alaska and British Columbia.

The article presents incidents related to the world politics. The agreement between the United States and the Republic of Mexico, by which the troops of the two parties are reciprocally authorized to cross the boundary line of the two countries in close pursuit of hostile Indians whenever it may be necessary, is undoubtedly calculated to satisfy a long-felt want on that frontier. The territory of Mexico has always served as a refuge for Indian desperadoes escaped from the United States, who used their asylum as a basis of operations for hostile incursions. Another event refers to the incident in which the James McCosh, President of Princeton College, has written a short but forcible letter to the "Times" on civil-service reform.

The international control over Spain was established with the ostensible purpose of isolating the Spanish war through cutting off volunteers and rigidly checking the shipment of all supplies. How unevenly this control works to the ultimate detriment of the Spanish republic has already been reported by numerous witnesses. For anyone who tries to get into the left-controlled side of Spain there are almost inseparable difficulties to overcome. Even Norman Thomas found this out when he tried to enter legally. As for, penetrating illegally, the chances are many to one that it cannot be done. Thousands of soldiers stand guard at the border.

The current offensive of the Chinese Communists promises to amputate large chunks of the nationalist political party of Taiwan, Kuomintang territory and add tens of millions of people to the two hundred million already under Communist rule. This offensive, however, is not likely to be the "final conflict" for China. The million men in the Communists' striking army can certainly knife through the Nationalist armies in their path, but the main Communist armies are a thousand miles from the southern China border and three thousand miles from the inner Asian frontier. When the present advance grinds to a halt, its supply of men, food, and munitions exhausted, the Communists will still have to contend with at least a rump Kuomintang government in parts of southeastern China and Formosa.

Presents letters to the editor regarding political and social developments in the U.S. Information provided by a reader regarding relations of the U.S. with Cuba; Views of a reader regarding controversy between Cuban and domestic sugar; Need for a name to describe the U.S.'s ownership of the territories of Philippines and Cuba.

War clouds are gathering between Chile and Peru, according to the widespread advertisement. Recent telegraphic dispatches have reported the withdrawal of the Peruvian Boundary Delegation from the Commission headed by General Pershing to settle the Tacna-Arica frontier dispute. The Peruvian delegation, allege attacks on their members and other extreme measures used by Chileans to intimidate Peru and influence the result of the coming plebiscite, and demand guaranties from Chile that the plebiscite will be carried on without any attempt to coerce or prejudice voters.

Thirty thousand refugees lodged in wretched barracks on the German-Polish border, the newspaper stories revive cruel memories of the homeless French refugees who poured south and westward in the spring of 1918. That was war. This is the war spirit surviving in the East of Europe. Poland is evicting the Germans of the annexed provinces, those who were unwilling to renounce their German citizenship. On the other hand, miserable tenant farmers are only the first installment in Poland's program. They are the Germans who owned no landed property. There are more thousands to come, men and women with real property, with more at stake in Poland, who may, however, be better able to provide for themselves than these poverty-stricken deportees.

The final settlement of the boundary line between Italy and Jugoslavia and of the question of Fiume, was brought about by the Treaty of Rapallo. The Kingdom of Italy, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, desiring to establish between them a regime of sincere friendship and of cordial relations for the common good of the two countries; and the Kingdom of Italy recognizing in the formation of the neighboring state the realization of one of the highest aims of the war which it lately waged.

The article discusses about the Germany's lightning assault on the north neutrals. The news of German action in the north sent a wave of terror through the other small states. In many capitals, correspondents reported, the atmosphere became positively hysterical as rumors of new Nazi strokes in all directions burned up the wires. Holland and Belgium once again put their defenses on a war footing. In the Balkans there were reports of German concentrations near the Hungarian and Yugoslav borders and of an ultimatum sent to all Danubian border states demanding that Germany be allowed to police the entire length of the river.

This article focuses on political developments and struggles for peace in Poland and Germany. It describes that, in the Czech crisis Poland's position remained undefined until the last moment, but its final determination not to allow the Russian army to march through had more weight in deciding the fate of Prague than is commonly realized. Poland is supposed to be the buffer state between Fascist Germany and communist Russia. In September 1938, Poland refused to stand by the democratic states. It did not want a war. It feared that a war, no matter what its outcome might be, would mean the end of the new Poland. It is also supposed that if Germany won, Poland would face the danger of complete dismemberment.

The article focuses on news related to various international issues. The episode of the Algic raises almost every issue in the complex relationship between the U.S. government and marine labor. The crew of this ship, members of the National Maritime Union, struck in Montevideo in September against working cargo in that port with scab labor that was very incompetent as well. The killing of over a thousand Haitians in border towns of Santo Domingo and the invasion of Juana Mendez, Haiti, by Dominican troops has raised serious questions regarding the plans of Rafael Trujillo, the Dominican dictator.

"Great Britain proposes to hand back Weihaiwei to the country within whose frontier it lies. . .Chinese sovereignty will now be restored," prime minister Arthur Balfour, speaking for the British Government, announced at the Washington Conference on February 1, 1922. The Immigration Act of 1924 denied admission to the United States to wives of American citizens if these wives are of a race ineligible to citizenship. Hindus, Chinese and Japanese are ineligible. James Ford Rhodes was that rare phenomenon in American life, a business man who, having made a great deal of money, gives his life to letters. He was born to wealth and he carried on a successful business career until he was nearly forty years of age.

This article presents information related to world politics. One of the saddest features in the condition of the South just now is the part it plays in the political contests at the North. The Democrats have in fact had recent and dismal experience of the Republican state of mind, for during the four years of the war a Union defeat and disaster supplied them with almost all their political capital; they wept when their neighbors were glad, and made merry when they were sad. Probably a large part of the Congressmen voted to pass the Geneva bill under the impulse of a feeling that anything which upset the proceedings of the Tribunal was an ingenious way of giving an indirect and deserved blow at England, and would teach her in future to mind her own business.

The article focuses on several issues related to politics in the United States. The question which U.S. President Grover Cleveland's war-like message suggests is mainly which of the two parties is likely to get most capital during the Presidential year out of this Venezuelan dispute. That the United States is going, in the name of the Monroe doctrine, to assert such ownership of the American hemisphere as will enable it to trace all the boundary lines on it to its own satisfaction in defiance of the rest of the world, is a thesis which the United States do not believe is yet ripe for discussion. Speaker John Reed is already learning that it is a very different thing to "run" a Republican House when he is simply putting through a policy at the beginning of a Presidential term on which the party is united, from what it is when he is seeking a Presidential nomination for himself and there is great division of opinion in the party as to the wisdom of making him the candidate.

The article offers information on the crisis in the shared border between Colombia and Venezuela, and mentions the escalated tensions when Venezuelan troops discovered to be operating on Colombian soil in March 2017.

Presents several letters to the editor. Comments on an article related to border crossing in Nigeria; Discussion on political culture of the United States.

The article focuses on the fact that the rivers do not decide the natural boundaries of a nation. The France thus offered Napoleon the area coextensive with ancient Gaul, which was bounded by the Rhine, the Alps, and the Pyrenees and the whole of Belgium, portions of the Netherlands, LinenThurg, and Rhenish Prussia, Hesse, and Bavaria. Napoleon fell, and the kingdom of the Bourbons was ultimately reconstructed as it had been before the wars of the Revolution. But since that time France has not ceased dreaming and talking of her natural boundaries, the Pyrenees, the Alps, and the Rhine. France believe that she had a natural right to all the lands west of the Rhine, and the dire consequence of that fondly cherished delusion is the present war.

The political parties of Jugoslavia have developed so far along national lines that it cannot longer be doubted that the new state is really becoming a political entity, whatever may be the exact frontiers drawn for it by the hesitant Powers, whatever the discontent of the commercial Croat or the temperamental Slovene over the slow-going habits of their new lawmakers at Belgrade. The ultimate success of the Jugoslav experiment must to a large degree depend upon whether or not Jugoslavia is to be cut off from the Adriatic; but internal problems cannot wait indefinitely on external, however momentous, and today there are being evolved two strong parties which make their appeal to all sections of the united Serb-Croat-Slovene people.

Presents several letters to the editor. Comments on articles related to the Negro problem previously published in the journal "The Nation"; Discussion on race riotes in the U.S.; Focus on the pledge by the U.S. to preserve territorial integrity;

The article presents information on various political movements around the world during the early 1860's. From Labrador to Patagonia, the American continent is active beyond precedent in social and political changes. Some concern the form, others the essence of government. Some relate to boundaries and the freedom of great rivers. There are questions of labor, of foreign and domestic policy, of independence and confederation, of religion and of races. In the general broil enter emperors, dictators, insurrectionist; priests and peoples. Beginning at the south, one has witnessed a war between Brazil, the Bande Orientale, and the Argentine Republic, on tile one hand and Paraguay on the other. The only novelty in this quarrel is the combination of parties.

The article presents information on the clash on the Ussuri River frontier between China and the Soviet Union, it is the mutual expression of ill will. The Ussuri River is a wide stream which annually shifts its course when summer floods expand its flow. Points projecting from one bank rate cut off, and become islands; islands attach themselves as points, to one bank or the other. If, with perhaps some lack of foresight, the frontier between two countries is placed in the middle of such a river, there will from year to year arise questions of what is to be done about these changes in its bed. With good will there should be no real problem: a permanent boundary commission representing both sides could arrange give and take, compensation and exchange.

The closing number of the third series of the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science has for its subject "The City of Washington: Its Origin and Administration." About half of the brochure is devoted to a study of the late territorial government and of its historical sequel, the triumvirate commission now charged with the administration of the city. As the study is intended by its author, John Addison Porter, to be "suggestive rather than exhaustive," it might disarm criticism for its sketchiness if, unhappily, from the fault of his method, the writer had not made the latter half of his treatise almost as misleading for what it contains as for what it omits.

The book "Montcalm and the Fall of New France," by Francis Parkman, announced a complete history of the French in North America, with the exception of the period froth 1701 to 1749. The history of the war in which Montcalm and Wolfe figured the Seven Years' War of European history, the French and Indian War of America begins as a matter of course with the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, the new war began to threaten, on both sides of the Atlantic, as soon as the old one was finished. It might be said in general terms, that Alleghanies formed the natural boundary between New France and the English colonies.

This article focuses on the feelings of old brown peasant towards Fifth White Army and their good horses. The old man used to consider horses as valuable beasts. His son, a Red Army soldier, had once captured two horses almost from under the Whites, and had taken them to the red military headquarters. The old man sat on Soviet territory north of the River Sing and looked across at the herd of horses on the southern bank, where the Whites occupied and ruled the countryside. From over there they kept sending raiding parties into Soviet territory. The river was the boundary line. The people over there all helped the Soviets when they could, but the Whites were cruel if they caught a man. Now, right there before his eyes was a whole herd of horses, no less than a hundred grazing peacefully, and no one in sight.

The ethnic map of Czecho-Slovakia, designed to show how the nationals of its revisionist neighbors impinge upon almost every mile of its, borders, is a product of Budapest. Not only does it disagree with Czech maps; it disagrees with German ethnic maps of the same area. On the Hungarian map the main body of Slovaks nowhere touches Hungary. The Germans, in this respect, are more generous. They permit the Slovaks to overflow the Magyar frontier. The small map is a work unique even in this campaign of misrepresentation.

The article discusses Germany and its policy on disarmament. Armament control and a Bonn promise not to use force to back up territorial demands may be considered sufficient in London. But one cannot guarantee that these safety devices will be able to withstand the mounting pressure of a Germany that is constantly growing stronger. One can guarantee that a German national army, even though only twelve divisions strong, will not become an autonomous power factor. This German army will prepare the way for a European adventure.

Sparks are flying between Kabul and Karachi over the future of the Pathan region separating Afghanistan from Pakistan. In recent weeks relations between the two countries have deteriorated to a startling extent. There is even a hint that unless the dispute is settled by adjustments on both sides peace in this part of the world may be imperiled. Whatever may be the merits of the dispute, it is not of recent origin. Afghanistan claims on the authority- of recorded history that the present demarcation of Pathan territory to include both the Northwest Frontier Province and the tribal areas of Waziristan is barely more than a century old. It was the result of successive Afghan wars with Britain during the nineteenth century and was never accepted by Afghanistan as a permanent arrangement.

A process of myth-making by reiteration has for several years been in progress in Canada regarding the question of the Alaskan boundary, and bids fair to produce, sooner or later, serious consequences. Such subjects offer gold mines for the sensational press in either country, and so the evil grows. On the whole, the press of the United States has been indifferent, occupied with more timely matters, and the reiteration of the Canadian myth across the border has passed unheeded. An excellent example of the literature above alluded to is a recent publication, in the "Canadian Law Review" for September, of an article by Thomas Hodgins, K.C., of Toronto, which is also printed in the "Contemporary Review." It is well written, gives evidence at much familiarity with international law.

The drifter has been reading a more modern tale of the futility of frontiers. A German was engaged to marry a Lorraine girl when the armistice suddenly erected a frontier wall between them. She became French, he remained German. The date for their wedding had been set. He applied for a permit to enter France for his wedding, but the papers lay forgotten on some official's desk, and the permit did not come. The day drew near, the bridegroom grew impatient. At last some shrewd fellow-townsmen told him of the unfeminist law code of his day, and the difficulty was solved.

This article focuses on some Russian geographical threats to India. The author describes that, for three-quarters of a century the Russian bogy gibbered at India across the mountainous wastes of Afghanistan and disturbed the peaceful dreams of the British military strategists at Simla, India. The same geographical difficulties exist today. But now the Russian threat forms part of a formidable totalitarian offensive on the British Empire in the East. Today India's safety cannot be taken as axiomatic; the battles now developing on the fringes of the eastern Mediterranean will have a direct bearing on its future.